Basic Flashcards
Anaerobic Metabolism
ATP-PC system
• Used during high intensity, short duration activities (100 meter sprint)
• Phosphocreatine stored in muscle cells breaks down releasing energy
• process occurs almost instantly
•lasts for 15 seconds max
• doesn’t depend on O2 or chemical reactions
Anaerobic Glycolysis
•High intensity, short duration activities (400-800 meter sprint)
•stored glycogen is split into glucose through glycolysis and then into pyruvic acid, process releases energy
•results in the formation of lactic acid, which causes muscular fatigue
• 50% slower than the phosphocreatine system
• provides energy for 30 to 40 seconds
• doesn’t require O2, only uses carbs (glycogen and glucose)
•releases enough energy for small amount of ATP
Aerobic metabolism
- used predominantly during low intensity, long duration activities
- yields the most ATP but requires chemical reactions
- provides energy through oxidation of food
- functions as long as there are nutrients
Frontal plane
- divides body into anterior and posterior segments
* motions around this plane (abd, add), occur around am anterior-posterior axis
Sagittal Plane
- divides body into right and left segments
* motions in this plane (flexion, extension), occur around a medial lateral axis
Transverse Plane
- Divides the body into upper and lower segments
* Motions in this plane (medial, lateral rotation), occur around a vertical axis
Class 1 Lever
Axis of rotation (fulcrum) between the effort (force) and resistance (load). There are few class 1 levers in the body. The triceps brachii is an example of 1 with the elbow as the fulcrum and a load on the forearm providing the load ( a seesaw would be another example).
Class 2 Lever
Resistance (load) between the axis of rotation (fulcrum) and the effort (force). In most instances gravity is the effort and muscle activity is the resistance, however, there are class 2 levers where the muscle is the effort when the distal attachment is on the weight bearing segment (ascent of a tricep dip). An example would be a wheelbarrow.
Class 3 Lever
Effort (force) between the axis of rotation (fulcrum) and the resistance (load). The length of the effort arm is always shorter than the length of the resistance arm. Shoulder abduction with a weight at the wrist is a class 3 lever. Class 3 levers permit large movements at rapid speeds and are the most common type of lever in the body.
Types of Joints
- Fibrous Joints (Synarthroses)
- Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)
- Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)
Fibrous Joints (Synarthroses)
Fibrous joints are composed of bones united by fibrous tissue and are nonsynovial. Movement is minimal to none, with the amount of movement depending on the length of the particular joint fibers.
• Suture
•Syndesmosis
•Gomphosis
Suture (e.g. sagittal suture of the skull)
One of three types of fibrous joints (Synarthroses)
•union of two bones by a ligament or membrane
•Immovable joint
•Eventual fusion is termed synostosis
Syndesmosis (e.g. the tibia and fibula with interosseus membrane)
One of three types of fibrous joints (Synarthroses)
• Bone connected to bone by a very dense fibrous membrane or cord
•Very little motion
Gomphosis (e.g. tooth in socket)
One of three types of fibrous joints (Synarthroses)
•Two bony surfaces connect as a peg in a hole
•The teeth and corresponding sockets in the mandible are the only gomphosis joints in the body
• The periodontal membrane is the fibrous component of the joint
Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)
Cartilaginous joints have hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that connects one bone to another. These are slightly moveable joints.
• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis
Synchondrosis (e.g. sternum and true rib articulation)
One of two types of cartilaginous joints (Amphiarthroses)
•Hyaline cartilage
•Cartilage adjoins two ossifying centers of bone
•Provides stability during growth
•May ossify to a synostosis once growth is completed
• slight motion
