Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Disorders of Movement Flashcards
The basal ganglia is comprised of three structures.. What are they?
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
What is the role of cerebellum in movement?
Coordination of ongoing movement
What is the role of the basal ganglia in movement?
Selection / initiation of voluntary movements
What are the effects of damage to the cerebellum, on movement?
Jerky, uncoordinated and inaccurate movements (ataxia)
Of UMNs and LMNs, the basal ganglia and cerebellum can only modify signals of which?
UMNs only
What are the effects of damage to the basal ganglia, on movement?
Uncontrolled movements at rest and difficulty initiating movement
The cerebellum has folded ridges called?
Folia
The centre of the cerebellum is called?
Vermis
The cerebellum has Comparator Function - what is this?
Detection of difference in “motor error”, i.e. between intended / actual movements
The cerebellum has Motor memory - what is this?
Storage of learned movements, from conscious movements to unconscious movements
The cerebellum can be divided into three sections based on sources on input. They are..?
Cerebrocerebellum (outer)
Spinocerebellum (inner)
Vestibulocerebellum (posterior)
The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by..?
Stalks called cerebellar peduncles
What are the names for the cerebellar peduncles? Are they efferent or afferent pathways?
Superior (Efferent from cerebrellum)
Middle (Afferent from pons)
Inferior (Efferent and Afferent)
What are the major output structures in the cerebellum?
Deep cerebellar nuclei
The vestibulocerebellum projects impulses to which deep cerebellar nuclei?
Fastigial nucleus
The spinocerebellum projects impulses to which deep cerebellar nuclei?
Interposed & Fastigial nucleus
The cerebrocerebellum projects impulses to which deep cerebellar nuclei?
Dentate nucleus
In the cerebellum, the input cell types are…? (2)
Climbing fibres
Mossy fibres
In the cerebellum, the output cell type is..? (1)
Purkinje fibres
In the cerebellum, the interneuron cell type is..? (4)
Granule cells
Stellate cells
Golgi cells
Basket cells
What are the three layers of the cerebellum?
Molecular layer
Purkinje layer
Granule layer
Which input fibres of the cerebellum carry error signals?
Climbing fibres
Purkinje cells use which neurotransmitter?
GABA (inhibitory)
Granule interneurones in the cerebellum receive input from which input cells?
Mossy fibres
Damage to the cerebellum always shows as movement errors on which side?
Same side as damage (ipsilateral)
Alcohol causes damage particularly to which part of the cerebellum?
Anterior cerebellum (lower limb movement)
What is the striatum? What is it comprised of?
Input zone, made up of Caudate nucleus and Putamen
What is the pars reticulata? What is it comprised of?
Output zone, made up of Globus pallidus and substantia nigra
Input into the basal ganglia via the striatum occurs via which 2 pathways? Via which neurotransmitters?
Corticostriatal pathway, via Glutamate
Nigrostriatal pathway, via Dopamine
The nigrostriatal pathway of the basal ganglia can be organised into two pathways, what are they called and what receptors do they use?
Direct (Excitatory) Pathway: D1
Indirect (Inhibitory) Pathway: D2
Discuss the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease
Death of cells in substantia nigra, causing reduced excitation of D1 direct pathway and reduced inhibition of D2 indirect pathway.
Treatments of Parkinson’s disease
L-DOPA
Dopamine agonists
Foetal cell transplants
Deep brain stimulation
Aside from Parkinson’s, state 2 other cerebellar disorders of movement
Huntington’s disease
Hemiballismus
