Basal Ganglia Flashcards
Basal ganglia is large, strongly interconnected nuclear masses deep within the cerebral hemispheres (_____), diencephalon (_____ _____), and midbrain (_____)
corpus striatum; subthalamic nucleus); substantia nigra
Basal ganglia regulate movements by _____ desired movements to occur and simultaneously _____ competing, non- intended movements from occurring
enabling; inhibiting
Basal ganglia also have connections with? (3)
prefrontal cortex, frontal eye fields, and limbic system
What is contained within Corpus striatum?
Caudate nucleus and Lentiform nucleus
What is contained within Lentiform nucleus? (2)
Globus pallidus and Putamen
Basal Ganglia has 3 parts:
- Corpus striatum
- Claustrum
- Amygdaloid body
Direct pathway will _____ thalamus; _____ desired movement
Disinhibits; initiates
Indirect pathway will _____ thalamus; _____ undesired movements
Inhibits; suppresses
Where is GABA being made?
Putamen
What are the neurotransmitters found in Substantia Nigra?
Dopamine and GABA
What is the steps to initiate a desired movement?
1) Activates direct pathway to enable desired movement.
2) Indirect pathway to suppress undesired movements.
Damage to the basal ganglia can cause the release or reinstatement of the inhibitions to be _____ and _____.
erratic, uncontrolled
Patient wants to perform actions
but cannot. Is this positive or negative sign of Basal Ganglia Disorders?
Negative signs
Are these negative or positive signs of Basal Ganglia disorder? Akinesia (hesitancy), bradykinesia (slow movement), abnormal postural adjustments (inability to make adjustments when falling or tilting)
Negative signs
Manifestations of loss of pallidal
inhibition of the thalamus. Is this positive or negative Basal Ganglia disorder?
Positive signs
Is this positive or negative Basal Ganglia disorder? Alteration in muscle tone (hypertonicity/rigidity) and forms of dyskinesias (occur at rest; cannot be prevented or stopped): tremors, chorea, athetosis, ballismus, tics.
Positive signs
Basal Ganglia disorder: Parkinson’s disease is due to the _____ of thalamocortical excitation.
Inhibition
Basal Ganglia disorder- Parkinson’s disease:
-Lesion in _____ _____ .
substantia nigra
Basal Ganglia disorder:
-Tremor (at rest), rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, abnormal postural adjustments.
This is symptom of which disease?
Parkinson’s disease
Basal Ganglia disorder: Hemiballismus is caused by vascular lesion (Stroke) of _____ _____.
Subthalamic nucleus
Basal Ganglia disorder (Ballismus):
Violent flinging
movements of the entire limb as a result of _____ of the more _____ muscles
contractions; proximal
If there was a stroke (Hemiballismus) on the left side, which side of the body will be effected?
Right side (contralateral)
Parkinson’s disease is (Hypokinetic/ Hyperkinetic)?
Hypokinetic
Hemiballismusdisease is (Hypokinetic/ Hyperkinetic)?
Hyperkinetic
Huntington’s chorea- neurodegenerative
genetic disorder:
-HD gene on
chromosome _; _____ dominant mutation; symptoms appear at ___ years of age
4; autosomal; 35-44
Huntington’s chorea- neurodegenerative
genetic disorder: This is due to degeneration of striatal neurons (mostly _____ nucleus)
caudate
Grimacing movements in face; twitching movements of head; jerking movements of distal limbs. This is known as what?
Athetosis and chorea
Degeneration in cortex will lead to?
progressive dementia
Basal ganglia lesion is _____ whereas cerebellar lesions are loss of _____.
Craziness; coordination
