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Neuroanatomy > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major part of the Basal ganglia?

A

1) Striatum
2) Lenticular nucleus
3) Subthalamic nucleus
4) Substantia Nigra

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2
Q

What is the blood supply to the basal ganglia?

A

Anterior cerebral (penetrating branches:

  • anterior part of putamen
  • head of caudate

Middle cerebral (lenticulostriate branch)

  • body of caudate
  • body of putamen

Anterior choroidal artery

  • globus pallidus
  • tail of caudate

Posterior cerebral artery: thalamus

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3
Q

Parts of the striatum

A

Caudate nucleus
Nucleus accumbens
Putamen

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4
Q

Parts of the Lenticular nucleus

A

Putamen
Globus pallidus interna
Globus pallidus externa

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5
Q

Parts of the Substantia migra

A

Pars compacta

Pars reticulata

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6
Q

What is the venous drainage of the caudate nucleus,

thalamus and internal capsule?

A

vena terminalis

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7
Q

What is the role of the nucleus accumbens?

A
  • reinforce behaviour by pleasurable effects
  • satiety, comfort, sexual satisfaction
  • input from limbic system
  • output to diencephalon, basal ganglia, frontal lobes
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8
Q

What is the role of the claustrum?

A
  • unknown
  • input and out put to all cortex regions
  • consciousness of self
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9
Q

What is the role of the stria terminalis?

A
  • input from amygdala
  • output to thalamus and septal area
  • stress response
  • gender identification
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10
Q

List the order of structures in the direct pathway?

A

Cortex
striatum
GPi + SN
thalamus

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11
Q

List the order of structures in the indirect pathway?

A 
Cortex
striatum
GPe
subthalamic nucleus
GPi + SN
thalamus
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12
Q

What is the end result of the direct pathway?

A

more motor activity

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13
Q

What is the end result of the indirect pathway?

A

less motor activity

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14
Q

What is the role of the caudate nucleus?

A
  • input from cortex
  • output to prefrontal areas
  • cognitive planning or sequence for conscious goal
  • learning and doing new task
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15
Q

What is the role of the putamen?

A
  • input from cortex
  • output to motor and premotor areas
  • subconscious execution of learned movement
  • riding a bike
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16
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia as a whole?

A
  • indirect influence
  • initiate and terminate movements
  • suppress unwanted movements
  • regulate muscle tone
17
Q

What is the pathway in lesion in hypokinetic disorders?

A

direct pathway underactive

18
Q

What is the pathway in lesion in hyperkinetic disorders?

A

indirect pathway underactive

19
Q

List some hyperkinetic disorders

A
  • athetosis (writhing movements)
  • chorea (jerky)
  • Ballismus (violent large amplitude movements)
  • Myoclonus (sudden jerky)
  • Huntington disease
20
Q

What structure is in lesion in Huntington disease?

A
  • basal ganglia and cortex
  • striatum first affected
  • eventually both pathways affected
21
Q

How does Huntington disease affect the brain?

A
  • single gene autosomal dominant

* accumulation og huntington protein in nuclei of cells -> trigger apoptosis

22
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Huntington disease?

A
  • chorea
  • cognitive (short attention, memory, planning)
  • apathy, restless, low inhibition, irritable
  • death 20yr after onset
23
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • hyponosmia, fatigue, depression, dementia
  • disordered homeostasis : diaphoresis, constipation, hypotension
  • difficulty starting movements
24
Q

How does Parkinson’s disease affect the brain?

A
  • degeneration of SNpc -> deficiency of dopamine sent to striatum
  • under activity of DIRECT
  • overactivity or INDIRECT
  • also affects limbic system, ANS (homeostasis)
25
Q

What are some underlying causes of Parkinsonism?

A
  • repeated trauma
  • toxins
  • metabolic disease
  • medications
  • brain tumour
  • Lewy body Dementia
26
Q

In the direct pathway, what does the cerebral cortex release?

A

glutamate

27
Q

In the direct pathway, what does the striatum release?

A

GABA

28
Q

In the direct pathway, what do the globes pallidus interna and substantia nigra pars compact release?

A

GABA

29
Q

In the direct pathway, what does the thalamus release?

A

motor output

30
Q

What does glutamate do? and GABA?

A

glutamate: excite
GABA: inhibit

31
Q

In the indirect pathway, what does the GPe release?

A

GABA

32
Q

In the indirect pathway, what does the subthalamic nucleus release?

A

glutamate

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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