Bailey: Intro 2 Infec. and Struc.

Question 1

Bacterial responses to O2:

• ___ ____- must have O2 to grow
• ___ ____-cannot tolerate O2
• ___ ____-can grow w/ or w/out O2 (most medically important bacteria)

Answer 1

strict aerobes
obligate anaerobes
facultative anaerobes

Question 2

Microbes that can grow w/ limited nutrients?

Answer 2

oligotrophs

Question 3

Microbes that require some O2, but lower levels of O2?

Answer 3

microaerophiles

Question 4

Microbes that grow well in mild temps (body temps)?

Answer 4

mesophiles

Question 5

True or False:

Gram neg and Gram pos both have lipid membranes and Murein (peptidoglycan)

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

Structure of Murein:

-cross linked peptides attached to N-_______ acid giving it strength

Answer 6

acetylmuramic

Question 7

Structure of Murein: (Peptidoglycan)

-alternating N-______ acid and N-_______ acid

Answer 7

acetylmuramic

acetylglucosamine

Question 8

Structure of Murein:

Gram pos binds _____ to D-ala

Answer 8

L-lys

-immune system knows the difference by pattern recognition receptors

Question 9

Structure of Murein:

Gram neg binds _____ to D-ala

Answer 9

DAP

-immune system knows the difference by pattern recognition receptors

Question 10

Biosynthesis of Murein begins in the ______

Answer 10

cytoplasm

Question 11

Linking/connecting NAM to NAG takes place in the ______

Answer 11

periplasm

Question 12

LPS (lipidpolysaccharide) is only on Gram ___

-the outer most lipid layer

Answer 12

negative

Question 13

Teichoic acid is only on Gram ___

Answer 13

positive

Question 14

Teichoic acid helps what?

Answer 14

rigidity

Question 15

Lipoteichoic acid helps does what?

Answer 15

interacts with the cell membrane

Question 16

Structure of LPS: Lipopolysaccaride

• ____ __= fatty acid attached to a phophorylated disaccaride(only in bac)
• _____ ____= very similar btw Gm neg bac but has sugars that are somewhat unique to bac
• ___ ____=highly variable repeating sugar subunits

Answer 16

lipid A
polysaccharide core
o-antigen

Question 17

What is the main reason for the different antigenic specificities among Gm neg bacteria?

Answer 17

o-antigen

Question 18

LPS induces _____ (localized but can become systemic at high levels) and can lead to septic shock at high levels (_____)

Answer 18

TNF-alpha

endotoxin

Question 19

LPS, Teichoic acids, and peptidoglycan are examples of ____

Answer 19

PAMPs

Question 20

Cells of the immune system recognize PAMPs using ____

Answer 20

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

Question 21

Toll-like receptor 4 recognizes ____

Answer 21

LPS

Question 22

Toll-like receptor 2 recognizes ___

Answer 22

peptidoglycan

Question 23

Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 together recognize ____

Answer 23

teichoic acids

Question 24

Pili (fimbriae)- involved in the ____ of bac to cells other surfaces on host
-_____(on tip of fimbriae)= specialized proteins that are more specifically developed for adherence (recognizes receptors on host which increases affinity)

Answer 24

attachment

adhesins

Question 25

____ ___= pili with hollow tubes to pass genetic info to another bac (plasmids= antibiotic resistance)

Answer 25

sex pili

Question 26

Type of flagella with one tail?

Answer 26

monotrichous

Question 27

Type of flagella with a few tails at end?

Answer 27

lophotrichous

Question 28

Type of flagella with many tails all over?

Answer 28

peritrichous

Question 29

Flagella moving in a forward (CCW) movement ____

Answer 29

runs

Question 30

Flagella moving in a backwards (CW) movement ____

Answer 30

tumbles

Question 31

When flagella movement is directed it is what?

Answer 31

taxis | -they are motile

Question 32

___ can be directed toward something good or away from something bad

Answer 32

taxis

Question 33

_____= a substance that surrounds a cell _____= it is a type of what is listed above that is well organized and firmly attached to the cell _____=it is a type of what is listed above that is not well organized or firmly attached to a cell

Answer 33

glycocalyx capsule (usually made of PS but can be MS or glycoproteins) slime layer

Question 34

These are beneficial to pathogens because they cause them to become large/bulky - make is hard to recognize and for macrophages to phagocytos bac - masks things the immune system cannot recognize

Answer 34

capsules | -sometimes necessary virulence factor

Question 35

Can the immune system ever recognize a bac that has a capsule?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

Toll-like receptor ____ recognizes flagella | (sometimes the capsular polysaccharide can be recognized)

Answer 36

5

Question 37

What happens when the immune system recognizes a microbe?

Answer 37

macrophages produce and release cytokines (which recruit more)

Question 38

Serological designations: | -o antigen refers to what?

Answer 38

Gm negative

Question 39

Serological designations: | -H antigen refers to what?

Answer 39

motile (flagellum)

Question 40

Serological designations: | -K antigen refers to what?

Answer 40

capsules

Question 41

Bacterial Pathogens can be classified into 2 broad classes. What are they?

Answer 41

``` opportunistic= rarely cause disease in healthy ppl primary= infection/disease in healthy ppl by adhere, colonize, invade, induce damage ```

Question 42

What type of adherence does primary pathogens use?

Answer 42

specific adherence= irreversible/anchoring | --adhesins (usually found on fimbrae)

Question 43

Why does streptococcus mutans only bind to tooth pellicles?

Answer 43

its adhesin (glucosyl transferase) binds to a specific salvitary protein in pellicle formation

Question 44

An example of an adhesin not found on fimbrae but that is a complex glycoproetin commonly found in plasma and associated w/ mucosal surfaces?

Answer 44

fibronectin= bind by teicholic acids

Question 45

_____ is the formation of stable population of microbes - -is needed to replicate - -limited by nutrient availability

Answer 45

``` colonization =must bring in nutrients 1. carrier mediated diffusion 2. phosphorylation linked transport 3. active transport ```

Question 46

Pathogens must cause damage and can do that by: - - -

Answer 46

- when they colonize (E coli) - when they invade (salmonella) - producing toxin after colonization (E coli)