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Micro sp2017 test 1 > Bailey > Flashcards

Bailey Flashcards

1
Q

6 steps in the infectious disease process

A
  1. encounter
  2. entry
  3. colonization/ invasion
  4. multiplication/spread
  5. damage
  6. outcome
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2
Q

Entry can be thought of as 2 different processes

A
  1. ingress of microorganisms into body cavities that are continuous with outside world
  2. penetration into deeper tissues after crossing epithelial layer (cuts, insect bites, organ transplantations)
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3
Q

To colonize, the pathogen must

A

be adapted for growth in a given niche

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4
Q

To invade, pathogens must

A

have specific virulence factors that allow them to invade the host

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5
Q

Pathogen must first colonize surface before causing disease. Pathogen must adhere, the 2 types of adherence are

A
  1. non specific- reversible

2. specific- irreversible

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6
Q

Specific adherence involves…

A

adhesins

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7
Q

Adhesions are substances

A

on the surface of microbes that are involved with adherence to host tissue

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8
Q

Adhesins are often found on… but can also be found in… or…

A

fimbrae (pili)
capsules
cell surface

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9
Q

Adhesion receptors are… for adhesins

A

specific

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10
Q

Streptococcus mutano bind to the tooth pellicle via the adhesion… which binds to a salivary protein that is involved in pellicle formation

A

glucose transferase

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11
Q

Some pathogens only… but most must…

A
  • colonize

- invade

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12
Q

3 ways bacteria take up nutrients

A
  1. carrier-mediated diffusion
  2. phosphorylation-linked transport
  3. Active transport
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13
Q

Spread can occur through 2 different mechanisms

A
  1. lateral propagation

2. dissemination

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14
Q

Lateral propagation to…

… then…

A

contiguous tissues

multiply then spread

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15
Q

Dissemination to…

…then…

A

distant sites

spread then multiply

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16
Q

Disease symptoms are also dependent on… load

A

pathogen

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17
Q

The incubation period is when host is…. but there are no… this is because there are no… not enough… or the immune system doesn’t know yet

A

infected
symptoms
virulence factors
pathogen

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18
Q

Damage can be direct or indirect from… response or the … organism

A
  • host response

- infectious organism

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19
Q

Toxins can be… or …

A

Endotoxins or exotoxins

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20
Q

Exotoxins are… secreted into host tissues

A

soluble substances

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21
Q

There can be 4 different outcomes in disease

A
  1. death
  2. recurrent illnesses
  3. recovery and cure
  4. asymptomatic infection
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22
Q

The body contains…. as many microbes as host cells

A

10x

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23
Q

Many places on the body can safely harbor bacteria, for example… and …

A

GI (10^12)

mouth (500)

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24
Q

What 4 abilities makes a microbe a pathogen?

A
  • adhere to host
  • colonize the host
  • replicate within given niche
  • cause damage- invasion, toxins, activating immune system
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25
Q

There are differences between commensals and pathogens but…

A

no microorganism is intrinsically benign or pathogenic

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26
Q

Bacteria can respond to oxygen in 3 different ways

A
  1. strict aerobes
  2. obligate anaerobes
  3. facultative anaerobes
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27
Q

4 possible outcomes

  1. host … and clears infection
  2. parasite… host
  3. host and parasite… to e/o
  4. neither… and chronic infection continues indefinitely
A
  1. wins
  2. overcomes
  3. adapt
  4. win
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28
Q

Gram positive bacteria have a …cell wall made up of…

A 
thick
murein (peptidoglycan)
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29
Q

Murein is made up of long chains of…and… liked together by short polypeptides

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

N-acetylglucosamine

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30
Q

Gram negative bacteria have a … layer of … between two membranes (lipid bilayers)

A

thin

murein

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31
Q

Strict aerobes must…
Obligate anaerobes cannot…
Facultative anaerobes

A
  • have O2 to grow
  • tolerate O2
  • can grown with out w.o O2
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32
Q

The outside of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is made up of

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

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33
Q

Lipopolysaccharide is made up of (3) different complexes

A
  1. Lipid A (inner portion)
  2. Polysaccharide core
  3. O-antigen (outer portion)
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34
Q

Lipid A is made up of …. attached to a phosphorylated disaccharide (part of lipid bilayer)

A

fatty acids

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35
Q

The polysaccharide core is very similar between.. bacteria but has sugars that are somewhat unique to bacteria

A

Gram negative bacteria

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36
Q

The O-antigen is made up of…. repeating sugar subunits

A

highly variable

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37
Q

LPS is toxic even in its most purified form. LPS=

A

endotoxin

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38
Q

Why are LPS and cell surface structures important? because they are considered

A

PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

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39
Q

Cells of the immune system can recognize PAMPs using….

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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40
Q

3 PRRs

A
  1. toll-like receptor 4
  2. toll-like receptor 2
  3. toll-like receptor 2 and 6
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41
Q

toll-like receptor 4 recognizes..

A

LPS

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42
Q

toll-like receptor 2 recognizes…

A

peptidoglycan

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43
Q

toll-like receptor 2 and 6 together recognize…

A

teichoic acids

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44
Q

Pili (fimbriae) are involved in the … of bacteria to cells and other surfaces

A

attachment

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45
Q

Adhesins (on tip of fimbriae) are specialized… that are more specifically developed for…

A
  • proteins

- adherence

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46
Q

Fimbriae and flagella can be… (3)

A

monotrichous- 1
lopotricous- a couple
peritrichous- many

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47
Q

movement by flagella can be… or…

A

random or directed

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48
Q

When movement is directed it is referred to as…

A

taxis which can be directed toward something good or away from something bad

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49
Q

Bacterial glycocalyx is a substance that

A

surrounds a cell

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50
Q

Glycocalyx that is well organized, firmly attached is called…

A

capsule

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51
Q

Capsules are usually made of polysaccharides but can include… and …

A

monosaccharides and glycoproteins

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52
Q

Glycocalyx that is not well organized or firmly attached is called…

A

a slime layer

53
Q

For some bacteria, encapsulation is

A

a necessary virulence factor

54
Q

Can the immune system ever recognize a bacterium that has a capsule?

A

yes

55
Q

toll-like receptor 5 can recognize… sometimes the capsular…. can be recognized

A
  • flagella

- polysaccharide

56
Q

Bacteria can be classified by surface antigens…
O refers to…
H refers to…
K refers to…

A

O=LPS (gram negative)
H= flagella
K= capsule

57
Q

Antibiotics can have 2 different modes of action

A

bactericidal and bacteriostatic

58
Q

Bactericidal…

Bacteriostatic…

A
  • kill bacteria

- prevent microbes from replicating

59
Q

5 ways that antibiotics inhibit bacteria

A
  1. inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. disrupt cell membrane fxn
  3. inhibit protein synthesis
  4. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
  5. action as antimetabolites
60
Q

Many inhibitors of DNA replication bind to DNA and thus are too…

A

toxic for use

61
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic acid synthesis: … is inert but can be converted to an active form by….

A

anaerobic microbes

62
Q

Invasive bacterial pathogens like salmonella and shigella cause what kind of diarrhea?

A
  • large intestine
  • small volume
  • bloody
  • WBCs
  • tissue ulcerations
63
Q

Toxin producing bacterial pathogen like Vibrio, V. cholera and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) produce what kind of diarrhea?

A
  • small intestine
  • large volume
  • watery
  • no RBCs, WBCS or ulcerations
64
Q

The hybrid misfits like Enterohemoryhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) cause what kind of issues?

A
  • lower SI, upper LI
  • colonization causes attaching and effacing lesion
  • blood in stool and urine in EHEC
65
Q

Vibrio cholerae is motile and naturally found in,,,

A

seawater (we get from shellfish thats from contaminated water)

66
Q

2 main cholera types

A
  1. el tor

2. classical

67
Q

There was a spread of El Tor (v. cholera) in 1961that mainly affected

A

children and elderly

68
Q

There was an outbreak of el tor in 1992 that had a mutated …

A

O1 antigen

69
Q

El tor had a new LPS serotype called…. which was encapsulated and affected

A

O139

all age groups

70
Q

V. cholera has … which is important in seawater and GI tract

A

flagella

71
Q

V. cholera has… which adhere to mucosal tissue

A

pili

72
Q

In V. cholera, the shift from seawater to reduced ion levels found in the body leads to…

A

expression of pili and to the toxin

73
Q

The cholera toxin is… encoded

A

phage

74
Q

E. coli types…

  • secretory diarrhea
  • dysentery like
  • UTIs
A
  • secretory diarrhea=ETEC, EPEC
  • dysentery like= EHEC
  • UTIS= UPEC
75
Q

…. is responsible for travelers diarrhea

A

ETEC

76
Q

How to rule out V. cholera

A
  • shellfish?
  • TCBS agar
  • Agglutination test (el tor)
  • serological test
77
Q

tx for secretory diarrhea

A

oral rehydration (mix of sugar and salt) and antibiotics can shorten duration or reduce severity

78
Q

They cause movement when they rotate… and tumbling when rotate…

A
  • CCW

- CW

79
Q

The ideal antibiotic would have a … spectrum of activity, would not induce… has a …. therapeutic index and has… toxicity

A
  • broad
  • resistance
  • high
  • selective
80
Q

High therapeutic index is the ratio between

A

toxic dose and effective dose

81
Q

if ratio of high therapeutic index is 1 then you need… because the closer to 1=…

A
  • toxic dose to eradicate microbe

- worse antibiotic

82
Q

Clostidrium are strictly… and are gram… they produce…

A

anaerobic
positive
endospores

83
Q

c. difficle causes

A

pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)

84
Q

C. perfringens cause

A

cellulitis, gas gangrene and food posioning

85
Q

c. botulinum and c. tetani cause

A

botulism, tetanus

86
Q

Clostridial diseases are caused by toxin production or tissue invasiveness?

A

toxin production

87
Q

Clostridium endospores are usually in an … state and resistant to….

A

inactive

changes in environment (hot, dry, radiation, chemical)

88
Q

Clostridium produce spores when there is.. environmental conditions and they will readily … when conditions become favorable for vegetative growth

A

unfavorable

germinate

89
Q

is c difficle easy to culture

A

no

90
Q

pseudomembranous colitis is yellow plaques containing …. and… in ulcers of colonic mucosa

A

fibrin and cellular debris

91
Q

c. difficle is the leading cause of… and is transferred by… and

A 
nosocomial diarrhea (leads to hospitalization)
-endospore, hands
92
Q

c. difficle is not invasive but it colonizes and the… it produces causes disease

A

toxin

93
Q

c. difficle causes toxin… and …

A

A and B

94
Q

c. difficle toxin A is an … which causes fluid production and damage to mucosa

A

enterotoxin

95
Q

both toxin a and b in c diff act in … of host cell to glycosylate…. and cell loses cytoskeletal structure and die

A
  • cytoplasm

- gtp binding proteins

96
Q

…. detection of toxin A c diff is diagnostic

A

ELISA

97
Q

c diff toxin b is a… toxin

A

cytotoxin

98
Q

c. perfringens is found in…. and …

A

soil and intestinal animal tracts

99
Q

c. perfringens is a major pathogen of… and can have… and … effects

A
  • wound infections (war wounds)

- local and systemic

100
Q

severe trauma introduces spores from the environment that germinate under these conditions- (4) (damaged tissue)

A
  1. anaerobic
  2. compromised blood supply
  3. calcium ions
  4. peptides and aa availability
101
Q

toxins produced in c. perfringens typically cause cellulitis that can lead to…. which is a necrotizing, gas forming process of muscle associated with systemic signs of shock

A

gas gangrene

102
Q

c. perfringens produces how many toxins? which one causes gas gangrene?

A

12

alpha-toxin (lecithinase)

103
Q

alpha-toxin (lecithinase) is a ….which causes…. and has a 100% fatality rate if not treated

A

phospholipace type C

  • muscle tissue damage
  • shock/renal failure
104
Q

c. perfrigens treatment

A 
surgical removal (necessary) and antibiotics and possibly antitoxin from horses and high O2.
EARLY care is important
105
Q

c. perfrigens is more likely to cause… than gangrene

A

food poisoning (diarrhea in 12-24 hours) self limiting and disappears in 1-3 days

106
Q

c. botulinum have… spores found in… that can survive…

A

heat resistant, soil, food processing

107
Q

c. botulinum germinate and grow under… conditions

A

anaerobic

108
Q

botulism is caused by…. of preformed toxin (dont need organism to be present) and there is concern that it can be used as…

A
  • intoxication of ingestion

- bioweapon, bioterrorism

109
Q

c. botulinum produces 8 neurotoxin serotypes (A-G) 2 C forms… but…. are most common in humans

A

A,B,E (extremely potent)

110
Q

purified BoNT us produced as a stable 900 kDa protein complex containing….

A

150 kDa toxic component
750 kDa non toxic component
(multi subunit)

111
Q

c. botulinum prevents release of…. resulting in…and starts in …first and then ultimately can cause…

A

ach neurotransmitter
flaccid paralysis (12-36 hours)
cranial nerves
respiratory failure

112
Q

3 types of botulism

A
  1. food borne
  2. wound
  3. infant (slow onset)
113
Q

c. botulinum mortality rate

A

25%

114
Q

c botulinum treatment

A

antitoxin (from horses) ASAP

antibiotics not necessary because toxin is in body not cells

115
Q

c. tetani is found in … and produces…and infection is associated with…

A

soil, spores, traumatic wounds

116
Q

major toxin in c. tetani…. which is responsible for all symptoms… and has a … and … individual chains are non toxic

A

tetanospasmin

heavy and light chain

117
Q

c. tetani ihibits nuerotransmitter release of … which causes…

A

GABA - spastic paralysis

118
Q

first sign of tetanus… descends to …. causes…. and eventually….

A

trismus (lockjaw)
neck and back muscles
tonic seizures
respiratory failure

119
Q

treatment of tetani

A
  • vaccine DPT, tetanus toxoid
  • human globulin
  • antitoxin
  • penicillin G
120
Q

chlamydia are large or small? and are gram… and they have no … in cell walls

A

small
negative (LPS outer membrane)
peptidoglycan

121
Q

chlamydia will only grow…. and are considered…

A

in host cell (humans, animals, insects)

energy parasites - depend on host for ATP

122
Q

4 species in chlamydia

A

trachomatis (human)

pneumoniae (human)

123
Q

chlamydia is the leading cause of … and is most common agent of…

A

preventable blindness in world

sexually transmitted bacterial infection

124
Q

chlamydia are spread by 4 F’s

A

fingers
flies
fomites
fornification

125
Q

chlamydia infect mucosal epithelial cells in the ….

A

eyes lungs and genitalia

126
Q

c. trachomatis causes…. in men

A

prostitis, epididymitis

127
Q

c. trachomatis causes … in women

A

cervicitis, PID, premature birth, pelvic pain, newborn eye and lung infections

128
Q

c. trachomatis is usually … in females and chronic and repeat infectons can cause…

A

asymptomatic

ectopic pregnancy or sterility

129
Q

c. trachomatic infectons can cause… or … in newborns

A

conjunctivitis and pneumonia

Micro sp2017 test 1 (5 decks)

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