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Microbiology > Bacteriology Part II > Flashcards

Bacteriology Part II Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Classification of bacteria:

A
  • genotype and phenotype
  • staining properties (gram/acid)
  • metabolism (aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic)
  • biochemical, fatty acid profile
  • 16s gene sequencing, whole genome sequencing
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2
Q

How to write bacterial name?

A

Bacillus anthracis (italicized)

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3
Q

Phylogeny is based on what factors of bacteria? (evolutionary relationship between bacteria)

A
  • sequences of bacteria (DNA, RNA, Protein)

- 16s ribosomal gene used the most

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4
Q

Are most bacteria harmful?

A

no, most are beneficial or harmless

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5
Q

There are more microbial cells (10^14) than human cells (10^13)

A

True

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6
Q

Microbial cells are collectively called:

A

Microbiome

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7
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

How bacteria cause disease

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8
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

disease occurs due to complex interactions between the host, pathogen, and the environment

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9
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that has the potential to cause disease

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10
Q

What is an infection?

A

the invasion, and multiplication of a pathogen in an individual or population

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11
Q

What is disease?

A

when the infection causes damage to the individual’s vital functions or systems

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12
Q

Does an infection always result in disease?

A

NO

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13
Q

Does the microbe have to enter the body to cause infection?

A

YES

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14
Q

What is the site that they enter called?

A

Portal of entry

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15
Q

What 4 sites can the microbe enter through?

A

1) Skin
2) Mucous membranes of Respiratory tract
3) GI tract
4) Urogenital tract

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16
Q

What are exotoxins? (virulence factor)

A

proteins that are produced by the bacteria and excreted to perform action on target cells
- are HEAT LABILE (can be destroyed by heat)

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17
Q

What are endotoxins? (virulence factor)

A
  • Lipid A component of LPS

- can be harmful

18
Q

Characteristics of endotoxins:

A

1) Heat stable
2) Part of bacterial cell wall
3) released when bacteria is dead or killed
4) Can stimulate the immune system and inflammation

19
Q

What are superantigens?

A

produced by pathogenic microbes

20
Q

What do superantigens bind?

A

They connect/ bind MHC II molecules on antigen presenting cells to T helper cells

21
Q

What is the response of superantigen binding?

A

1) T cell activation

2) cytokine release

22
Q

What physical response may you see with superantigen binding?

A

nausea, vomiting, fever, shock

23
Q

What are the virulence factors? (3)

A

1) Exotoxins
2) Endotoxins
3) Superantigens

24
Q

How bacteria transfer virulence factors?

A

1) Plasmids
2) Bacteriophages
- these guys carry info for capsules and resistance etc

25
Q

Tetanus neurotoxin, staphylococcus enterotoxin (superantigen) are carried by plasmid or bacteriophage?

A

plasmid

26
Q

Corynebacterium, Clostridium botulism, E. coli, and H7 are carried by plasmid or bacteriophage?

A

bacteriophage

27
Q

Virulence factors are transferred between bacteria through what 3 processes?

A

1) Conjugation
2) Transformation
3) Transduction

28
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Conjugation is 1 bacterium transfer genetic material to another by DIRECT CONTACT

29
Q

What is transformation?

A

transfer of genetic material occurs through direct uptake of material from SURROUNDING area through the Cell Membrane

30
Q

What is transduction?

A

DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a VIRUS

31
Q

Lysogenic conversion with bacteriophages can result in new virulence factors from virus: true or false

A

true

32
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a microbe that can cause disease

33
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

the mechanism by which disease is caused

34
Q

What is virulence?

A

the degree of pathogenicity; severity

35
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

traits found in microbes that cause disease but not in those that dont

36
Q

What is Predisposition?

A

what predisposes an animal to infectious disease

37
Q

Are the majority of bacteria intracellular or extracellular pathogens?

A

Extracellular

38
Q

Exceptions: Intracellular bacteria:

A

1) Rickettsia

2) Chlamydia

39
Q

Exceptions: Bacteria that are both Intracellular and Extracellular:

A

1) Mycobacterium

2) Rhodococcus

40
Q

What other things can increase virulence?

A

1) Quorum sensing

2) Biofilm formation

Microbiology (10 decks)

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