Bacteriology Flashcards
Last step in bacterial CW synthesis
Cross-linking
Fixes primary stain
Mordant
Mordant in Gram staining
Gram iodine
Decolorizer in Gram stain
Acetone alcohol
Identification of Chlamydia in low-resource area
Giemsa
Special stain: Legionella
Dierle (silver stain)
G- cocci
Neisseria
Branhamella/ Moraxella
Veillonella
Microorg: Wright stain
Borrelia
Special stains: P. carinii
Silver stain
Gomori methenamine stain
Microorg: Calcoflour white
Fungi
Cold method of staining acid fast microorgs
Kinyoun
Bacterial organelle responsible for encoding genes that regulate non essential life functions
Plasmid
Bacterial organelle responsible for encoding bacterial resistance
Plasmid
Pseudocapsule
P. aeruginosa
MCC of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection
S. pneumoniae
Dse conditions that makes host most susceptible to encapsulated microbe infections
Postsplenectomy
Sickle cell anemia
Biofilm on catheter-related infections
S. epidermidis
Biofilm in dental plaque/ dental caries
S. mutans
Metachromatic staining
Corynebacterium, due to Babes Ernst granules
Kidney-shaped diplococci
Neisseria
Lancet-shaped diplococci
S. pneumoniae
Bipolar staining
Yersinia
Gull-wing
Campylobacter
Post C. jejuni conditions
GBS
Reactive arthritis/Reiter syndrome
Inactivating EF2 (elongation factor 2)
1) A-B toxin of C. diphtheriae
2) Exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa
Exotoxin vs endotoxin: Meningococcemia
Endotoxin
A-B toxin causing ADP ribosylation of G protein
V. cholerae
Pea soup diarrhea
Salmonella typhi (???V. cholera)
HUS: Toxins
Shiga toxin
Shiga-like toxin
HUS: Microorg
Shigella
EHEC
Dse: A-B toxin that inhibits G-alpha
Whooping cough
Use inorganic cmpds
Autotrophs
Use organic compounds as energy source
Heterotrophs
Best grow at 0-20C
Psychrophile
Best grow at 20-40C
Mesophile
Best grow at 40-80C
Thermophile
Bacterial growth curve, phase: Metabolic activity
Lag
Bacterial growth curve, phase: Rapid cell division
Log
Bacterial growth curve, phase: Nutrient depletion
Stationary
Destroys all life forms
Sterilization
Destroys disease-causing orgs; not all lifeforms
Disinfection
Postulate: Microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture; must cause dse in healthy indiv; must be reisolated and identified
Koch’s postulate
Standard for new chemical antimicrobials
Phenol
Autoclave conditions to kill spores
121C at 15 psi for 15-20 mins
Rapid freezeing or freeze-drying
Lyophilization
Used to preserve cultures
Lyophilization
Sporicidal chemical agent
Halogen
Most effective skin antiseptic
Iodine
Ethylene oxide
Used for cold sterilization
Ethylene oxide
Neisseria culture medium: From sterile site
CAP
Neisseria culture medium: From unsterile site
Thayer Martin
Satellite phenomenon on culture
H. influenzae
Charcoal in culture medium
Bordetella
Legionella
Mercury drop colonies on charcoal medium
Bordetella pertussis
Eaton agent
Mycoplasma
Egg yolk agar
C. perfringens
BSK medium
Borrelia
Staib’s medium
C. neoformans (Bird seed agar)
Bird see agar
C. neoformans (Staib’s medium)
Bile esculin agar
Group D enterococcus
Castaneda medium
Brucella
Skirrow’s agar
C. jejuni
H. pylori
TCBS
V. cholerae
EMJH
L. interrogans
AIDS, MC bacterial infection
M. avium intracellulare
AIDS, MC fungal infection
P. carinii
AIDS, MC protozoal infection
T. gondii
Cryptosporidium
AIDS, MC viral infection
CMV
AIDS, benign viral infection
Molluscum contagiosum (poxvirus)
Lumpy jaw
A. israelii
Golden yellow colonies of S. aureus is due to
Staphyloxanthin
Normal flora of skin
S. epidermidis
S. aureus
Normal flora of nasopharynx
S. aureus
Normal flora of mouth and throat
S. viridans
Actinomyces
Normal flora of colon
B. fragilis > E. coli; enterococci
Normal flora of vagina
L. acidophilus
GBS
E. coli
Normal flora in gallbladder
Salmonella typhi
Pneumonia in alcoholics
S. pneumoniae
Pneumonia in neonates
GBS
E. coli
Listeria
Pneumonia in 1mo-3mos
RSV
Pneumonia in young adults
Mycoplasma
Lobar pneumonia
S. pneumoniae
Pneumonia in neutropenic patients
P. aeruginosa
Pneumonia in AIDS
P. jiroveci/carinii
Pneumonia in barracks
Mycoplasma
Atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma
Pneumonia in cystic fibrosis
Pseudomonas
Pneumonia in diabetics
Pseudomonas
Pneumonia in CGD
Pseudomonas
Pneumonia in poorly nourished, unvaccinated child
Measles
Giant cell pneumonia
Measles
Mech vent assoc pneumonia
Pseudomonas
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Pseudomonas
All capsular bacteria have polysaccharide capsule except
B. anthracis
All viruses are haploid except
Retroviridae
Raw eggs
Salmonella
Reheated meat
C. perfringens
Mayonnaise
S. aureus
Hamburger
EHEC
Custard
S. aureus
Apple juice
EHEC
Alfalfa sprouts and spinach
EHEC
Bilateral eyelid swelling/periorbital edema
Trichinella spiralis
Sty
S. aureus
Sticky eye
Propionibacterium
MCC of blindness worldwide
Chlamydia
Chorioretinitis
CMV
Toxoplasma
Congenital retinopathy
Treponema
Pebbly conjunctivitis
Chlamydia
Corneal scarring
Chlamydia
Congenital cataract
Rubella
Meningitis in neonates
GBS
E. coli
Listeria
Meningitis in 2-6 mos, unimmunized
H. influenzae
Meningitis in adults
S. pneumoniae
Meningitis outbreaks in crowded conditions
N. meningitidis
Meningitis in adolescents and young adults
N. meningitidis
Meningitis in barracks and college dorms
N. meningitidis
Meningitis in AIDS
Cryptococcus
Toxin responsible for pneumatocele formation by S. aureus
Panton valentin leukocidin
Toxin: SSSS
Exfoliatin
Most severe form of SSSS
Ritter disease
Acute mastitis
S. aureus
Infective endocarditis in IV drug users
S. aureus
MC valve involved in infective endocarditis in IV drug users
Tricuspid
MCC of osteomyelitis in the general population
S. aureus
Meningitis in 2-6 mos, immunized
S. pneumoniae
Peritonitis in renal failure patients
S. epidermidis
MCC of subacute endocarditis
S. viridans
MCC of acute endocarditis
S. aureus
MCC of endocarditis in patients with prosthetic heart valves
S. epidermidis
MCC of osteomyelitis in sexually active individuals
N. gonorrheae
MCC of osteomyelitis in IV drug abusers
P. aeruginosa
S. aureus virulence factor: Food poisoning
Enterotoxin A
S. aureus virulence factor: Infective endocarditis
Fibrin-platelet mesh
S. aureus virulence factor: Impetigo
Coagulase
Staphylokinase
Impetigo
S. aureus
GABHS
Septic arthritis in prosthetic joints
S. epidermidis
Strep antigen: Rheumatic fever
M protein
Strep strain responsible for PSGN
M12
S. pyogenes toxin: Hemolysis
Streptolysin S
MCC of impetigo
S. aureus
MCC of bullous impetigo (80%)
S. aureus
MCC of nonbullous impetigo
S. aureus
Specific S. aureus that almost exclusively causes bullous impetigo
Phage type 71
Boiled lobster appearance
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever
S. pyogenes
MCC of necrotising fasciitis
Group A strep
(+) Quellung reaction
s. pneumoniae
MCC of paediatric otitis media
S. pneumoniae
Enterococcus requirement
6.5% NaCl at 45C
Infective endocarditis in elderly with previously damaged valves secondary to GU or GI surgery
Enterocci
Club-shaped
C. dphtheriae
Safety pin appearance
Y. pestis
DOC for tularemia
Streptomycin
Genital infection: Buboes
Lymphogranuloma venereum (C. trachomatis L1-3) Chancroid (H. ducreyi)
Chinese character appearance microscopically
C. diphtheriae
Swarming motility
Proteus
Medusa head colonies
B. anthracis
Exhibits lysogeny due to B prophage
C. diphtheriae
Babes Ernst granules
C. diptheriae
Intracutaneous test to determine susceptibility of C. diphtheriae
Schick test
Immunodiffusion technique to determine toxigenicity of C. diphtheriae
Elek test
Drumstick/tennis racket
C. tetani
M. tb: Caseous necrosis
Sulfatides
M. tb: Virulence
Cord factor
M. tb: Most hepatotoxic drug
Pyrazinamide
Spores very resistant to heat and usual antiseptics
C. tetani
T/F Tetanolysin of C. tetani has no recognised pathogenic activity
T
Generalized tetanus
Opisthotonus
Earliest manifestation of neonatal tetanus
Poor suck
Earliest manifestation of adult tetanus
Trismus
MOA of tetanospasmin in CNS
Inhibits release of inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and GABA
Amt PPD injected intradermally in Mantoux test
0.1 mL
When to read Mantoux test result
After 48-72 hours
Obligate intracellular bacteria with the longest doubling time
M. leprae
Antimycobacterial that can be used for both M. leprae and M. tb
Rifampin
Tuberculoid vs lepromatous: Lepromin test (+)
Tuberculoid
Tuberculoid vs lepromatous: High number of organisms in tissue
Tuberculoid
Tuberculoid vs lepromatous: Cell-mediated immunity causes cell damage
Tuberculoid
Tuberculoid vs lepromatous: Large number of intracellular organisms cause cell damage
Lepromatous
Tuberculoid vs lepromatous: Nerve enlargement and paresthesias
Tuberculoid
Tuberculoid vs lepromatous: Madarosis
Lepromatous
Tuberculoid vs lepromatous: Loss of nasal septum
Lepromatous
Aquarium or fish pond worker
M. marinum
MOTT: Cervical lymphadenitis in children
M. scrofulaceum
MOTT: Fast-grower
M. fortuitum
Listeria motility in cells
Actin motility
Zipper mechanism
Listeria, mode of entry, direct cell to cell spread via actin-based movement
B. anthracis toxin that mediates entry
Anthrax toxin
3 diseases caused by anthrax
1) Woolsorter disease
2) Cutaneous anthrax
3) GI anthrax
Food held warm
B. cereus
Types of B. cereus food poisoning
1) Emetic
2) Diarrheal
DOC for C. tetani
Metronidazole
Inhibits Ach release at NMJ
Botulinum toxin, C. botulinum
Malignant pustule
Cutaneous anthrax
Painless ulcers
1) Chancre
2) Cutaneous anthrax
Shock and mediastinal hemorrhagic lymphadenitis
Pulmonary anthrax
Sauces
B. cereus
Chinatown»_space; vomiting
B. cereus
Canned food
C. botulinum
Stormy fermentation in lactose milk media
C. perfringens
Honey
C. botulinum
Smoked food
C. botulinum
Gas gangrene
C. perfringes
Long-term parenteral antibiotics
C. difficile
MCC of antibiotic assoc diarrhea
C. difficile
House dust
C. botulinum
Death march of Bataan
C. perfringens (gas gangrene)
Double zone of hemolysis
C. perfringens
Pig feces
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Rat bite fever
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Hyperbaric oxygen
C. perfringens
Haverhill fever
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Alpha lecithinase
C. perfringens
Fever, inward rash, tick bite
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Hard purplish swelling on hand with no pus
Erysipeloid
Weil Felix Test
Rickettsia
Lonestar tick
Erlichia chaffensis (erlichiosis)
3 phyla of Rickettsia
Rickettsia
Erlichia
Coxiella
T/F All rickettsia are transmitted by arthropods
F, Coxiella (Q fever) is transmitted via fomites and not arthropods
Fatal rickettsial infection
Epidemic typhus
Eschar is a punched out ulcer covered with a blackened scab that indicates location of mite bite
Scrub typhus (R. tsutsugamushi)
Treatment for rickettsia
Doxycycline
Rickettsia with endospores
Coxiella
Only rickettsial disease without rash
Coxiella
Mulberry-like structure in affected cells (morula)
Ehrlichia
Chlamydia lacks ___ in cell wall
Muramic acid
Chlamydia serovar: Trachoma
A-C
Chlamydia serovar: PID
D-K
Smallest free-living bacteria with no cell wall
M. pneumoniae
Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
Granuloma inguinale
DOC for nocardia
TMP-SMX
Madura foot
Actinomycetoma
Only bacteria with cholesterol in cell membrane
Mycoplasma
Toll like receptor 2 protein
Mycoplasma
Predominant sexually transmitted organism associated with PID
Chlamydia trachomatis
Intraabdominal spread of PID; Violin string
Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome
Fried egg appearance of colonies
Mycoplasma
Pneumonia with cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma
Responsible for anemia in mycoplasma infection
Cold agglutinins
Parrots/birds
Psitaccosis (C. psitacci)
Currant jelly sputum
Klebsiella pneumonia
Beaded filamentous bacteria
Nocardia
Rib destruction; filamentous bacteria
Actinomyces
Friedlander’s bacillus
Klebsiella
Vi capsular antigen
S. typhi
Necrotizing fasciitis from saltwater
V. vulnificus
Possesses a capsule that is lost with passage in the lab, accompanied by loss of virulence
Yersinia pestis
Best specimen to culture for typhoid fever
Bone marrow
Detection of typhoid fever
Week 1: Blood
Week 2: Urine
Week 3: Stool
When are rose spots seen in typhoid fever
Week 1
DOC for S. typhi in adults
Ceftriaxone
DOC for S. typhi in children
Chloramphenicol
Salmonella enteritidis
S. enterocolitis
Osteomyelitis and sepsis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella cholerasuis
Hyperplasia of Peyer’s patches
Typhoid ileitis
Puppy feces
Yersinia enterocolitica
Peritrichous flagella
Proteus
E. coli
S. typhi
1 flagella
Monotrichous
Multiple flagella in the same area
Lophotrichous (e.g. Spirilla)
2 flagella, 1 each on opposite ends
Amphitrichous (e.g. Alcaligenes)
Multiple flagella pointing in many directions/located at many spots on the cell
Peritrichous
Monotrichous, example
Vibrio
Proteus vulgaris vs mirabilis
Indole (+) - vulgaris
Darting motility
Campylobacter
Vibrio
Bacillary dysentery
Shigella sonnei
Most severe bacillary dysentery
Shigella dysenteriae type A
MCC of epidemic dysentery
Shigella dysenteriae type A
Mainstay of treatment for cholera
Fluids and electrolytes
Drugs to reduce carrier stage of V. cholera
Doxycycline
Cirpofloxacin
Minimum inoculum for cholera
10^7
The dominant vibrio strain in the seventh global pandemic.
O1 El tor
Vibrio O1 El Tor is distinguished from classic biotypes by the production of
Hemolysin
2 subunits of choleragen
A: Activates Adenylate cyclase
B: Binding
MCC of death of cholera
Dehydration
DOC for cholera
Doxycycline (longer t/2)
Tetracycline
MCC of acute bacterial gastroenteritis
C. jejuni
Primarily an opportunistic pathogen that causes infection in hospitalized patients
Pseudomonas
Loss of skin elasticity (washer woman hands sign)
Cholera
Neutrophil count that predisposes to pseudomonas infection
Less than 500/uL
Bacteria from contaminated soil
Burkholderia
Previously known as Campylobacter
H. pylori
Melioidosis
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Bacteria classified as Type I carcinogen by WHO
H. pylori
Cancers caused by H. pylori
Gastric
MALT lymphoma
Glander disease
Burkholderia mallei
MCC of G- nosocomial pneumonia
Pseudomonas
Characteristic smell of pseudomonas infection
Grape-like or fruity odor
Pseudomonas toxin resp for sepsis and shock
Endotoxin
Pseudomonas toxin resp for tissue necrosis
Exotoxin A
Shooting star motility
Vibrio
pH at which Vibrio grows best
Alkaline
Bacillary angiomatosis
Bartonella henselae and quintana
De Musset’s sign
Aortic regurgitation seen in syphilis
Syphilitic aortitis affects what specific vascular structure
Vasa vasorum
Ecthyma gangrenosum
Pseudomonas
Signs of congenital syphilis
Frontal bossing Snuffles/rhinitis Mulberry molars Hutchinson teeth Higoumenaki sign (unilateral enlargement of clavicle)
Portion of spinal cord affected in tertiary syphilis
Posterior columns (tabes dorsalis); loss of position and vibration sense
Bejel
T. pallidum endemicum
Swimmer’s ear
Pseudomonas
Sinus of valsalva aneurysm
Syphilis
Yaws
T. pallidum pertenue
Malignant diffuse otitis externa
Pseudomonas
DOC for Pseudomonas
Ceftazidime
Condyloma lata
Secondary syphilis
Pinta
T. pallidum carateum
Non-sexually transmitted forms of treponema infections
Pinta
Yaws
Bejel
Cystic medionecrosis of aorta
Marfan syndrome
White footed mouse and deer
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lesion of borrelia
Target lesion
Severe form of leptospirosis
Weil disease
Endarteritis obliterans
Syphilis
MC STD
Chlamydia
Rabbits
Francisella
Chlamydia strain that causes acute respiratory syndrome/pneumonia
TWAR strain
Erythema chronic migrans
Borrelia
Visceral larva migrans
Toxocara canis
Cutaneous larva migrans
Ancylostoma brasiliense
Red orange jaundice
Weil disease
Gold standard for diagnosis of leptospirosis
Culture
DOC for Weil disease
Pen G
DOC for short-term exposure and prophylaxis for leptospirosis
Doxycycline
Incubation period of leptospirosis
2-20 days
Most common zoonosis
Leptospira
MCC of death in leptospirosis
ARF
Pontiac fever
Legionella
Malta fever
Brucella
Brucella: Commonest cause of symptomatic disease in humans
melitensis
Key target cell of Brucella
Macrophage
DOC for brucellosis
IM Streptomycin
Mousy door of colony
Pasteurella multocida
Trench fever
Bartonella quintana
Bartonella quintana, vector
Body louse
Oroya fever
Bartonella bacilliformis
Warthin-Starry silver impregnation stain
B. henselae
Whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
Stages of whooping cough
1) Catarrhal 1-2 weeks
2) Paroxysmal 2-4 weeks
3) Convalescence > 4 weeks
Most contagious stage of whooping cough
Catarrhal
T/F Nocardia infection is predominantly encountered in immunocompromised individuals
T
Fishy odor
Gardnerella vaginalis
Chancroid
H. ducreyi
Cherry red diaper syndrome
Serratia
Chronic lobar pneumonia
Nocardia
Associated with Mobiluncus infection (anaerobe)
Gardnerella vaginalis
School of fish distribution
H. ducreyi
E. coi antigen responsible for causing meningitis
K1
Inhibitor of other bacteria in Lowenstein Jensen
Malachite green
How long does it take for a positive LJ culture
As early as 3-6 weeks
PFEIFFER’S BACILLUS
H. influenzae
MCC of tracheitis
S. aureus
Montezuma’s revenge
ETEC (Traveler’s diarrhea)
MC organism in acute appendicitis
E. coli
Fecal index of contamination
E. coli
DOC for diphtheria
Penicillin
DOC for T. gondii
Pyrimethamine