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E&E Exam 3 > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major defense mechanism of the small intestine?

A

Peristalsis - sweeps non-adherent bacteria away

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2
Q

What is the major defense mechanism of the large intestine?

A

Physiochemical properties - low redox potential and fatty acids

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3
Q

Why is antimicrobial therapy a risk factor for GI disease?

A

Decreases normal flora in mouth and GIT, allowing for repopulation with other bacterial organisms

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4
Q

What is a toxin that is produced by the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and contributes to local and systemic inflammation?

A

Endotoxin

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5
Q

What type of exotoxin causes a disruption of fluid and electrolyte regulation of the target cells?

A

Enterotoxin

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6
Q

What type of toxin damages and kills target cells by invading them?

A

Cytotoxins

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7
Q

Give an example of a non-invasive bacteria that causes intra-intestinal infections.

A

ETEC

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8
Q

Why is isolating E. coli from a culture of feces not diagnostic?

A

E. coli is part of normal flora so you would expect to isolate it

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9
Q

T/F: All strains of E. coli cause neonatal colibacillosis.

A

F

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10
Q

In order to cause diarrhea, the strain of E. coli must have what 2 virulence factors?

A

Fimbriae and ability to produce enterotoxin

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11
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) produces an enterotoxin that tells the cells to shut off sodium absorption, and as a result sodium and water leak into the lumen. What does this result in?

A

Watery diarrhea

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12
Q

In addition to neonatal colibacillosis of calves (aka white scours), what other disease does ETEC cause?

A

Pre-weaning diarrhea in piglets

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13
Q

How long are the receptors for ETEC pili on the enterocytes

A

During 1st week of life

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14
Q

Because ETEC is not part of the neonate’s normal flora, how is it transmitted?

A

Feco-oral transmission

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15
Q

How do you diagnose ETEC infections?

A

Presumptive diagnosis based on age and watery diarrhea without presence of blood

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16
Q

What is the most important aspect of therapy for diarrhea caused by ETEC?

A

Replacement of fluids and electrolytes

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17
Q

Which invasive bacteria is an important cause of diarrhea in humans, but its role in disease in animals is less clear?

A

Campylobacter

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18
Q

Why is isolating Campylobacter from feces not diagnostic?

A

Can be isolated from feces of healthy dogs, so have to weigh up evidence to support diagnosis

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19
Q

What are the 2 routes of transmission associated with Salmonella?

A

Feco-oral transmission or recrudescence of existing infection

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20
Q

What invasive facultative intracellular pathogen that can localize in macrophages causes a bloody, hypersecretory diarrhea in horses?

A

Salmonella

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21
Q

T/F: Salmonella is part of normal flora

A

F

22
Q

In addition to bloody, hypersecretory diarrhea, what other disease can Salmonella cause (specifically in foals)?

A

Septicemia

23
Q

What invasive, gram-negative spirochaetes are obligate anaerobes that have fastidious growth requirements for a special lab?

A

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

24
Q

What is the major reservoir of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?

A

Asymptomatic pigs

25
Q

T/F: Brachyspira hyodysenteriae are part of normal flora

A

F

26
Q

What disease does Brachyspira hyodysenteriae cause?

A

Acute and chronic swine dysentery

27
Q

What type of diarrhea is associated with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?

A

Profuse, bloody diarrhea with mucus (dysentery)

28
Q

What pathogen of the GIT of ruminants causes Johne’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis

29
Q

What disease of ruminants is a progressive, persistent, granulomatous enteritis with severe, chronic diarrhea leading to emaciation and death?

A

Johne’s disease

30
Q

How is Johne’s disease transmitted?

A

Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with Johne’s-positive feces

31
Q

T/F: M. avium ss. paratuberculosis is resistant in the environment and subclinical carriers are an important reservoir

A

T

32
Q

The granulomatous enteritis associated with Johne’s disease causes malabsorption. What clinical sign (besides emaciation) can you appreciate in cows with this disease that occurs as a result of malabsorption and hypoproteinemia?

A

Bottle jaw - edema in submandibular region

33
Q

What 2 invasive intestinal bacteria cause inflammation and intestinal thickening in addition to diarrhea?

A

Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis and Lawsonia intracellularis

34
Q

Why is fecal culture not the best diagnostic test for Johne’s disease?

A

Bacteria is slow growing and can take up to 3 months before you would get results

35
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis is a gram-negative curved rod and is an obligate intracellular parasite. What does this indicate in terms of diagnostics?

A

Cannot be cultured

36
Q

What 2 GIT disorders in pigs does Lawsonia intracellularis cause?

A

Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy and Porcine Hemorrhagic Enteropathy

37
Q

Porcine proliferative enteropathy is most important in what 2 species?

A

Foals and pigs

38
Q

What disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis causes chronic, mild diarrhea and reduced performance in young, growing pigs and foals?

A

Porcine proliferative enteropathy

39
Q

What disease is the most common reason for putting antibiotics into feed for growing pigs?

A

Porcine proliferative enteropathy

40
Q

You have been called out to a swine breeding operation to check out a few pigs that have bloody/tarry diarrhea. 3 of the pigs in the herd have died. On necropsy, you find grossly thickened mucosa of the terminal ileum with hemorrhage and a blood clot in the lumen of the intestine. What is your diagnosis?

A

Porcine Hemorrhagic Enteropathy

41
Q

How do you diagnose Lawsonia infections?

A

Histopathology or PCR

42
Q

What pathogen causes enterotoxaemia in lambs, calves, and goats and is associated with overeating of rich grains or from suckling heavily lactating ewes feeding on lush grass, leading to gut stasis and acidosis?

A

Clostridium perfringens type D

43
Q

Where are clostridium perfringens pathogens normally found in the GIT?

A

Large intestine

44
Q

Due to metabolic acidosis, Clostridium perfringens are able to move to the ____________ _______________, where they will release an exotoxin called _____________ ___________ that is activated by ______________.

A

small intestine, epsilon prototoxin, trypsin

45
Q

Epsilon toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens causes decreased/increased capillary permeability, leading to brain edema and necrosis.

A

Increased

46
Q

What disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type D causes accelerated post-mortem autolysis and is often referred to as “Pulpy Kidney Disease”?

A

Enterotoxaemia

47
Q

What disease of thriving weaner or grower pigs (6-14 weeks of age) is caused by hemolytic Shiga toxin E. coli that causes damage to the endothelial cell wall, leading to increased vascular permeability, edema, and sometimes CNS signs?

A

Edema disease of pigs

48
Q

What is the term for the passage of viable bacteria from the GIT to extraintestinal sites?

A

Bacterial transolcation

49
Q

What is the most important factor that promotes bacterial translocation?

A

Injury to intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability

50
Q

What does bacterial translocation lead to?

A

Lethal sepsis

51
Q

Give 2 examples of bacteria that are extraintestinal, meaning the bacteria stay in the intestines but the toxins are absorbed somewhere else.

A

Clostridium perfringens type D and STEC in edema disease

E&E Exam 3 (7 decks)

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