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DD Test 2 LOs > Bacterial Structure, Function, and Growth > Flashcards

Bacterial Structure, Function, and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall Types

A

Gram Negative and Gram Postive

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2
Q

Outer Membrane

A

Bilayer membrane

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3
Q

Nucleoid

A

Where the bacterial DNA resides, specialized area that isn’t surroudned by a membrane

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4
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A

Smaller peptidoglycan wall, space between outer and inner membrane, fewer crosslinking between peptidoglycan strands, has LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

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5
Q

Flagellum

A

Structure used for motility

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6
Q

Gram Positive

A

Extensive peptidoglycan network, lysine crosslinking (oligosaccharide bridges), larger cell wall, has teichoic acid (lipoteichoic acid is lipid modified teichoic acid)

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7
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

LPS, three portions, lipid A (endotoxin, fatty acids and hydrophobic), core polysaccharide (highly conserved in gram - bacteria), O antigen/somatic antigen (repeating unit, 4-20 repeats)

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8
Q

Teichoic Acids

A

Part of gram + bacterialRibitol teichoic acids- ribitol is the repeating unit

Glycerol teichoic acids- glyerol is the repeating subunit

The repeating chain is linked by phosphate

Can be modified on their side chains and can be antigenic

Recognized as molecular patterns for TLRs

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9
Q

Capsules

A

Made by polysaccharides, gelatenous, resistant to phagocytosis

Rarely, can be repeating amino acids, or d-glutinanic acids (anthrax bacterium)

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10
Q

Flagellae

A

Organs of motility,

single/multiple

Unipolar/bipolar

Can tumble

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11
Q

Pili/Fimbriae

A

Small portrusions on the surface of bacteria, can interact to form biofilms

Can also have sexual pili, initiated by a receptor protein which helps form a conjugation bridge

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12
Q

Cell Membrane

A

generates electormotive force for ATP, has a plasma membrane ATP-ase, selective permeability, involved cell division, lipid biosynthesis

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13
Q

Bacterial DNA

A

ciruclar, single stranded, not surrounded by a membrane

Polysome- multiple bound ribosomes

Translation and transcription coupled

Polycistronic- DNA can code multiple genes

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14
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular units of DNA that can confer survival benefits to bacteria (drug resistance, fitness advantages)

Can be transferred with conjugation

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15
Q

Phage Conversion

A

When a given bacteria is infected with a bacteriophage and get incorporated DNA that confers a new phenotype

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16
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve

A

Lag Phase- The bacterium are still trying to establish growth, adapting to their environment

Growth phase- linear on a log graph, exponentlal growth

Stationary phase- resources are starting to become limited, and toxic metabolites accumulate, growth starts to slow

Death phase- number of viable bacteria decrease over time

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17
Q

Aerobic Baceria

A

need oxygen

They make catalases that can break down toxic oxygen free radicals

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18
Q

Anaerobe

A

Grow by fermentative metabolism, (if obligate, oxygen can kill)

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19
Q

Indifference

A

Ferments regardless of presence of oxygen

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20
Q

Facultative

A

Can do either, aerobic or anaerobic

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21
Q

Microaerophilic

A

Grow best at low oxygen, can grow without oxygen

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22
Q

Energy currency

A

ATP- made by membrane ATPase

Proton Motive Force

Bacterial also have reducing power with NADH and NADPH

23
Q

Fermentation

A

Catabolic process in which a bacteria uses organic compound as both electon donor and receptor

24
Q

Respiration

A

Oxygen is terminal electron receptor, but sometimes other molecuels can be the final receptor (nitrate, some amino acids like arginine, but that’s anaerobic respiration)

25
Q

Sporulation

A

The formation of spores is the bacterial response to adverse conditionsCell divsion occurs but is assymetric, leaving a mother cell and a sporeDense outer coat, very dehydrated and metabolically inactive, vegtative stateReenters growth cycle via “germination”

26
Q

Explain why unique bacterial components are important as potential targets for antimicrobial therapy.

A

There are several structures that are unique to prokaryotes and not eukaryotes, so targeted drug therapies agaisnt this structures will hopefully not have a lot of side effects

27
Q
A

Coccus

28
Q
A

Bacillus

29
Q
A

Coccobacillus

30
Q
A

Fusiform Bacillus

31
Q
A

Vibrio

32
Q
A

Spirillum

33
Q
A

Spirochete

34
Q

Heterotrophic

A

The Bacteria require an enternal organic carbon source

35
Q

Autotrophic

A

Bacteria that can generate carbon from CO2

36
Q

Cell Wall Inhibition

A

B-lactams

Vancomycin

Cycloserine

37
Q

Outer and cytoplasmic membrane active antimicrobials

A

Polymyxins

38
Q

Inhibitors of protein synthesis at the ribosomal leve

A

Tetracyclines

Aminoglyosides

Macrolides

Chloramphenicols

39
Q

Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

A

Quinolones

Rifampicin

40
Q

Metabolic inhibitory antimicrobials

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

Isoniazid

Metronidazole

41
Q

β-lactams

A

penicillins, cepalosporins, etc) inhibit the final transpeptidation reaction in cross-linking of peptidoglycan.

42
Q

Vancomycin

A

Inhibits elongation of the peptidoglycan chain

43
Q

Cycloserine

A

Prevents formation of muramyl pentapeptide, an earlyt intermediate in peptidoglycan synthesis

44
Q

Polymyxins

A

Cationic

Disrupts bacterial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane

45
Q

Aminoglycosdies

A

Binds to 30S r subunit, inhibiting it

46
Q

Tetracyclins

A

Reversibly binds to 30S subunite, and inhibits tRNA binding

47
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Reversibly binds 50S, inhibiting peptidyl transferase and bond formation

48
Q

Macrolides (like erythromycin) and lincomycins

A

bind to 23S rRNA of 50S and inhibits peptidyle transferase

49
Q

Quinolones

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase

50
Q

Rifampicin

A

Inhibits RNA polymerase

51
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Inhibit formation of folic acid via competitive inhibition

52
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Inhibits dihydrofoalte reductase in folate metabolism

53
Q

Isoniazid

A

Inhibits lipid synthesis

54
Q

Metronidazole

A

Intereferes with anaerobic metabolism

DD Test 2 LOs (10 decks)

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