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DD Test 2 LOs > Antibacterial Agents 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Antibacterial Agents 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Toxicity

A

Drugs should affect microbe, not host, by taking advantage of biochemical differences

Folate Metabolism, Protein Synthesis, Nucleic Acid Synthesis, Cell Wall, Fungal Cell Membrane

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2
Q

Antibiotic resistance

Natural

A

The bugs just don’t have the drug target (Fungi don’t have peptidoglycan cell walls)

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3
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

Escape

A

Organism escapes consequences because of resource availability, or failure to lyse because of little osmotic pressure difference

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4
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

Acquired

A

Mutational resistance vs. Plasmid mediated resistance

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5
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

Acquired

Mutational

A

Basic chromosomal mutations over several generations

Proper dosing and duration of atbx prevents survival of slight resistance strains

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6
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

Acquired

Plasmid Mediated/Genetic Transfer

A

Resistance conferred by plasmids

Can be a source of multiple drug resistance in a single treatment course

Conjugation, Transduction and transformation

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7
Q

Mechanism of Resistance

Altered Targets

A

Examples:
DNA Gyrase (fluoroquinolones)
Penicillin-Binding Proteins (Beta-lactam antibiotics)

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8
Q

Mechanism of Resistance

Enzymatic Destruction

A

Examples:
B-lactamase (B-lactam atbx)
Acetyltransferase (chloramphenicol)

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9
Q

Mechanism of Resistance

Alternative resistant metabolic pathways

A

Overproduction of PABA or thymidine nucleotides (against sulfonamides)

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10
Q

Mechanism of Resistance

Decreased Entry

A

Normally natural resistance

Against B-lactams, flruoroquinolones, aminoglycosides

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11
Q

Mechanism of Resistance

Increased Efflux

A

Against: Tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides

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12
Q

Bactericidal Mechanisms

A

Inhibition of Cell wall
Membrane disruption
DNA function/Synthesis interference

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13
Q

Bacteriostatic Mechanisms

A

Inhibition of protein syntehsis

Inhibition of intermediary metabolic pathways

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14
Q

Bactericidal agents are preferred in

A

Severe infections

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15
Q

Bactericidal agents act ______ and their action is often _____

A

Quickly, irreversible

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16
Q

Bactericidal agents can ______ for patients with an impaired host defense

A

Compensate

17
Q

actericidal agents are required

for treatment of infections in locations that are ________

A

Not accessible to the host immune response

18
Q

Atbx Absoprtion

A

Typically Oral or IV, some topical. Oral preferred

19
Q

Atbx Distribution

Readily Enter CSF

A

Chloramphenicol
Sulfonamides
Cephalosporins (3rd and 4th)
Rifampin

20
Q

Atbx Distribution

Enters CSF with Inflammation

A

Penicillins
Vancomycin
Ciproflaxocin
Tetracyclin

21
Q

Atbx Distribution

Enters CSF Poorly

A

Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins (1st and 2nd)
Erythromycin
Clindamycin

22
Q

Fetal Effects

A

Drugs that can be taken orally (have the ability to cross the gastric mucosal barrier) can also cross the placenta

23
Q

Post-Antibiotic Effect

A

Some antibiotics (aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones) continue to kill/inhibit after the [drug] goes below MIC

24
Q

Antibiotic spectrum

Narrow (Definition)

A

Most effective on susceptible organism

25
Q

Antibiotic spectrum

Narrow (Drugs)

A

Gram (+) or (-)

Aminoglycosides
Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins
Clindamycin
Vancomycin
Metronidazole
Penicillin G, V
26
Q

Antibiotic Spectrum

Extended (Drugs)

A

Gram (+) and (-)

Aminopenicillins
Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones (Cip, levo)
Carbapenems

27
Q

Antibiotic Spectrum

Broad (definition)

A

Greater scope of activity for initial coverage, more likely to cause superinfections

28
Q

Antibiotic Spectrum

Broad (Drugs)

A 
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Fluoroquinolones (Moxi, Gemi)
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Trimethoprim
29
Q

Cell Wall inhibition

Stage 1 Alanine Racemase:

A

Cycloserine
Enolpyruvate transferase
Fosfomycin

30
Q

Cell Wall inhibition

Stage 2 d-ala-d-ala pentapeptide

A

Vancomycin
Bactoprenol lipid carrier
Bacitracin

31
Q

Cell Wall inhibition

Stage 3 Transpeptidase

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Monobactams
Carbapenams

32
Q

Inhibition/Damage to Cell Membrane

A

Daptomycin, polymixin B

33
Q

Modification of synthesis/metabolism of Nucleic Acids

DNA Gyrase

A

Fluoroquinolones

34
Q

Modification of synthesis/metabolism of Nucleic Acids

RNA Polymerase

A

Rifampin

35
Q

Modification of synthesis/metabolism of Nucleic Acids

DNA

A

Metronidzaole

Nitrofurantoin

36
Q

Inhibition/Modification of protein synthesis

30S Ribosome

A

Aminoglycosides

Tetracyclines

37
Q

Inhibition/Modification of protein synthesis

50S Ribosome

A

Clindamycin
Macrolides
Chlorampehnicol
Streptogramins

38
Q

Modification of intermediary metabolism

Dihydropteroate SYnthase

A

Sulfonamides

39
Q

Modification of intermediary metabolism

Dihydrofolate reductase

A

Trimethoprim

DD Test 2 LOs (10 decks)

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