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Microbiology > Bacterial structure > Flashcards

Bacterial structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the domains?

A

Bacteria

Archaea

Eucarya

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2
Q

What are the characterisitcs shared between bacteria and archae? What about eucarya?

A

Bacteria/Archaea are prokaryotes:

  • >DNA stored in nucleoid
  • > Lack of well-defined nucleus and cellular organelles

Eucarya are eukaryotes “true nucleus”

->cellular organelles

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3
Q

Bacteria are single celled prokaryotes with a specific cellular morphology, what are the 3 morphological categories?

A

Rods

Cocci

Spirillium

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4
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall predominantly comprised of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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5
Q

How to bacteria multiply?

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

What are the 2 ways in which archea are dissimilar to bacteria?

A

cell wall composition

proclivity for extreme environments

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7
Q

What are the qualities of the bacterial chromosome?

A

Circular, single, double stranded

super-coiled

located in nucleoid

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8
Q

What are the qualities of a bacterial plasmid?

A
  • small, circular pieces of dsDNA
  • Antibiotic resistance, toxin-producing
  • Copies of plasmids can be transferred from one bacterium to another

(which accounts for the increasing frequency of antibiotic resistance)

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9
Q

What is the function of a prokaryotic ribosome and how does it differ from eukaryotic one?

A
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • 70S instead of 80S
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10
Q

What essential processes take place within the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane of a bacteria?

A

Electron transport

Energy production

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11
Q

Bacterial plasma membrane are said to have be a fluid mosaic model. What does this mean?

A

The bacterial PM uses proteins to also serve as receptors but the proteins are not stationary in the fluid bilayer. Bc they’re constantly changing positions the cell membrane is known as a fluid mosaic model

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12
Q

What is the significance of the bacterial cell wall being comprised of peptidoglycan? What are the two major alternating subunits of peptidoglycan?

A
  • Triggers immune system
  • NAM & NAG
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13
Q

Within bacteria there are two basic cell wall structures which divide them up into 2 categories. What are these categories?

A

Gram positive

Gram negative

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14
Q

What are the steps of the Gram Stain?

A

Step 1: Crystal violet => Stains cells purple

Step 2: Iodine (mordant) => Cells remain purple

Step 3: Alcohol (decolorizer- this is the step that distinguishes gram(+) from gram(-)) => Gram (+) cells remain purple while gram (-) cells become colorless

Step 4: Safarnin (counterstain) => Gram (+) cells remain purple while Gram (-) cells now appear red

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15
Q

What is the prominent component of a gram (+) cell wall? What does this do to the overall polarity of the cell?

A
  • Teichoic acid
  • Negatively charged = cell negative polarity
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16
Q

In gram (-) cells the peptidoglycan layer is located between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane, what is this inbetween space known as?

A

Periplasmic space

17
Q

In gram (-) cells there is the presence of the outer membrane which is comprised of what?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

18
Q

Within the LPS there is single feature which is known to be the detrimental characteristic of Gram (-) cells. What is it?

A

Endotoxin

LPS => Lipid A + O-specific polysaccharide side chain

19
Q

Large of amount of LPS released into the blood stream from gram (-) bacteria can cause Diseseminated Intravascular coagulation or DIC. What does this do?

A

Inappropriate activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis

20
Q

What are the two exceptions in bacteria which are unable to be gram stained? Why?

A

-Mycobacterium sp.

  • Have a cell wall which has peptidoglycan intertwined with waxlike lipids of mycolic acids
  • Must use “acid-fast” to identify

-Mycoplasma sp.

  • Lack peptidoglycan cell wall
    • incorporate steroids into their membrane
21
Q

Coating the outside wall of bacteria is a substance known as glycocalyx (slime/capsule). Some allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces, developing communities known as what?

A

Biofilms

22
Q

What are the 3 parts of a flagellum?

A

Filment => tail

Hook => connects tail to head

Basal body => Head (anchors flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane)

23
Q

What are PILI?

A

Shorter and thinner than flagella, have a bunch of small adhesive extremities known as fimbriae

Microbiology (12 decks)

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