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antibiotic > Bacterial Pathogens. Know your enemy. > Flashcards

Bacterial Pathogens. Know your enemy. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main types of bacteria?

A

G+ve and G-ve

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2
Q

What differentiates G+ve from G-ve bacteria?

A
  • G+ve has a thick peptidoglycan wall and stains blue/violet with gram stain.
  • G-ve has thin peptidoglycan wall under a membranous outer layer. It stains red/pink under Gram stain.
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3
Q

What two froms do bateria take when seen under the microscope?

A
  • Diplococci (pairs of grapes)

* bacilli (Rods)

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4
Q

Name 3 types of G+ve cocci?

A
  • Staphylococci
  • Streptococci
  • Enterococci.
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5
Q

Name 4 types of G+ve bacilli?

CCBL

A
  • Corynebacteria eg C. diptheriae (diphtheria)
  • Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

• Listeria monocytogenes (listeria)
–Meningitis in elderly, immunosuppressed & pregnant
–Sepsis/meningitis in neonates

• Clostridium sp.: spore-forming
–C. tetani – tetanus
–C. botulinum – botulism
–C. perfringens – gas gangrene, food poisoning
–C. difficile – antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, pseudomembranous colitis

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6
Q

Name 2 types of G-ve cocci

nm

A

• Neisseria (Gram-negative diplococci)
–N. meningitidis – meningococcus – sepsis, meningitis
–N. gonorrhoeae – gonococcus - gonorrhoea

• Moraxella catarrhalis
–Respiratory infection

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7
Q

Name 7 types of G-ve bacilli

A
  • Escherichia coli & other Enterobacteriaceae (‘coliforms’), e.g. Klebsiella, Proteus, Serratia
  • Haemophilus
  • Salmonella, Shigella
  • Campylobacter (‘seagulls’;’commas’)
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Acinetobacter sp
  • Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
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8
Q

What are the 2 major bacteria that live on the skin? and 2 others and a yeast?

A
  • Staphylococcus and streptococcus
  • Corynebacteria (‘diphtheroids’)
  • Propionibacteria

• Yeasts
–Candida sp
–Pityrosporum
–Trichosporum

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9
Q

Which is worse, staphyloccus coagulase -ve or +ve?

A

Staph aureus is the only coagulase +ve staph and is by far the worst!

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10
Q

Name 2 staphylococcus coagulase -ve bacteria that can cause problems?

A
  • S. epidermidis is a commensal of the skin, but can cause severe infections in immune-suppressed patients and those with central venous catheters.
  • S. saprophyticus is part of the normal vaginal flora, is predominantly implicated in genitourinary tract infections in sexually-active young women.
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11
Q

What types of streptococcus bacteria are there?

A
  • Alpha-haemolytic

* Beta-haemolytic

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12
Q

What is the primary group A streptococcus beta haemolytic bacteria that I should be aware of?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes.

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13
Q

What can Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

A

–Puerperal sepsis

–Tonsillitis

–rheumatic fever & glomerulonephritis

–Necrotising fasciitis

–Cellulitis, skin and soft tissue infections

–Scarlet fever

–Toxic shock syndrome

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14
Q

What is the primary group B streptococcus beta haemolytic that can cause issues with neonates and the elderly?

A

• Strep. agalactiae

–Neonatal sepsis and meningitis
–Skin and soft tissue/cellulitis
–Bacteraemia/Osteomyelitis

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15
Q

What is a yeast that lives on the skin and what can it cause?

A

• Candida albicans

–thrush – genital, oral
–Line infections/bacteraemia in the

• become and issue in immunocompromised/critical care

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16
Q

What are the 2 likely causes of cellulitis?

A
  • Group A streptococci - pyogenes

* Staphylococcus aureus

17
Q

What are the likely bacteria to be found in the nasopharynx?

A
  • Streptococci (viridans type) (GPC)
  • Neisseria (GNC)
  • Haemophilus (GNR)
  • Moraxella (GNC)
  • Mixed anaerobes
  • Candida
18
Q

What is the 3 primary Alpha haemotlytic that I need to be aware of?

A
  • S. pneumoniae – diplococci - pneumonia/meningitis
  • S. mutans – tooth decay
  • S. bovis - ??association with bowel Ca

Alpha haemolytic strep can ba a cause of sub-acute infective endocarditis
–‘milleri group’- deep abscesses

19
Q

Streptococcus beta haemolytics are split into groups a+b (and c+d+e+f) what are the most important pathogens of A+B?

A

Group A = Streptococcus pyogenes

Group B = Streptococcus agalactiae

20
Q

What are the 2 primary strains of Neisseria?

A
  • N. meningitidis – meningococcal sepsis/meningitis
  • N. gonorrhoeae – gonorrhoea, septic arthritis
  • Some other sp found as nasopharyngeal flora
21
Q

whay are the 4 atypical bacteria that can cause pneumonia?

LMCCC

A

‘Atypical’

  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  • Chlamydophila psittacci
  • Legionella
22
Q

What are the 5 main causes of community acquired pneumonia?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae (COPD)
  • Moraxella catarrhalis (COPD)
  • Staphylococcus aureus (post-flu/nosocomial)

• Klebsiella pneumoniae
(but often nosocomial)

23
Q

What are the 3 likely causes of meningitis in adults?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Listeria monocytogenes (elderly, immunosuppressed, pregnant)
24
Q

What bacterial pathogens are you likely to find in the bowel?

A
  • Enterobacteracieae
  • Enterococci

• Anaerobes
–Bacteroides
–Clostridia

  • Bifidobacteria
  • Lactobacilli
  • Candida
25
Q

What are the 3 main groups of enterobacteriaceae?

A
  • Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp
  • Enterobacter sp, Serratia sp, Citrobacter sp, Morganella sp
  • Proteus sp
26
Q

Are enterobacteriaceae G-ve or G+ve?

A

G-ve

27
Q

What pathology can enterococci cause?

A
  • Urinary tract infections,
  • Abdominal sepsis
  • endocarditis
28
Q

Name 2 gut anaerobes and what they cause?

A

•Bacteroides fragilis - bowel sepsis

•Clostridium sp, e.g.:
–C. difficile – antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, pseudomembranous colitis
–Spore-forming

29
Q

What are the 3 likely types of bacteria to cause bowel sepsis?

A

–E. coli and other enterobacteriaceae

–enterococci

–anaerobes

30
Q

What are the 3 most likely causes of UTI’s?

A

–E.COLI, Proteus or other enterobacteriaceae

–Enterococci

–Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

31
Q

What are the 2 most likely causes of pylonephritis?

A
  • E. coli

* Proteus

32
Q

What is the most important environmental oppertunist and where are you likely to see it?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa → likely to show up in hospital esp. ITU

33
Q

What are the 4 most likely types of bacteria to cause hospital acquired infection?

A

–Enterobacteriaceae

–Pseudomonads

–MRSA

–If aspirated - anaerobes

antibiotic (7 decks)

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