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Microbiology 1 > Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

spirochetes

A

unusual structure

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3
Q

chlamydia

A

unusual life cycle/obligate intracellular parasite

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4
Q

mycobacteria

A

unusual cell wall

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5
Q

mycoplasma

A

no cell wall

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6
Q

staphylococcus

A

gram positive

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7
Q

streptococcus

A

gram positive

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8
Q

enterococcus

A

gram positive

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9
Q

listeria

A

gram positive

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10
Q

bacillus

A

gram positive

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11
Q

corynebacterium

A

gram positive

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12
Q

actinomyces

A

gram positive

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13
Q

which bacteria do not stain?

A

mycobacterium, mycoplasma, spirochetes

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14
Q

spirochetes example

A

borrelia, treponema, leptospira

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15
Q

gram negative examples

A

salmonella, vibrio, neisseria, bordetella, e. coli, pseudomonas

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16
Q

ribosomes sensitive to diptheria toxin

A

eukaryotes only

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17
Q

ribosomes sensitive to cm/strep/kan

A

bacteria only

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18
Q

advantages of smallness

A

nutrient acquisition and waste removal rates, smaller genome is more efficient, large surface area to volume ratio to concentrate nutrients, rapid DNA rep, rapid evolutions, high population density

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19
Q

bacillus

A

rod

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20
Q

coccus

A

sphere

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21
Q

typical bacterial diameter

A

0.5 micrometers - 1 micrometer

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22
Q

branched filamentous

A

actinomyces and nocardia

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23
Q

diplococci

A

two spheres

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24
Q

diplobacillus

A

two rods

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25
Q

streptococci

A

line of spheres

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26
Q

streptobacillus

A

line of rods

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27
Q

staphylococci

A

bundle of spheres

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28
Q

colony morphology _ relate to shape of individual bacteria

A

does not

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29
Q

mucoid appearance indicates _

A

capsule

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30
Q

waxy appearance indicates _

A

high lipid content - mycobacterium

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31
Q

motile organisms form _

A

thin, spread-out colonies

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32
Q

pigments in bacteria

A

protection against light, indicates where organism normally lives

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33
Q

cell envelope

A

cell wall, membrane, capsule, pili and flagella

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34
Q

internal structures

A

nucleoid, plasmid, granules, ribosomes, endosomes

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35
Q

cell envelope consists of _

A

cell membranes, cell wall, imbedded proteins, glycocalyx or capsule

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36
Q

cell envelope function

A

barrier (osmotic, pH), solute and electron transport, gradients/ATP, motility, lipid synthesis, protein secretion

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37
Q

gram positive

A

thick layer of exterior peptidoglycan and a cell membrane with periplasmic space in between

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38
Q

gram negative

A

LPS outer membrane and then a thin internal peptidoglycan layer and then cell membrane (periplasmic spaces in between)

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39
Q

gram positive cell envelope acids

A

teichoic and lipoteichoic acids

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40
Q

teichoic and lipoteichoic acids

A

give cell wall a net negative charge (Mg, Ca), covalently attached to peptidoglycan, important for serotyping, can be shed and illicit immune response, may act as adhesins, required for viability

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41
Q

are teichoic and lipoteichoic acids found in gram negative bacteria?

A

no

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42
Q

gram negative cell envelope

A

contain outer membrane porins that restrict large molecules; contain an outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane

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43
Q

periplasmic space may contain _

A

virulence factors such as collagenase, hyaluronidase, beta-lactamase

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44
Q

LPS outer membrane (gram-neg)

A

contains oligosaccharides, core polysaccharides, divalent calcium and magnesium, lipid A

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45
Q

oligosaccharide chain

A

loss by pathogens will reduce virulence

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46
Q

core polysaccharides

A

provide resistance to hydrophobic compounds; resistance to bile acids by enteric bacteria

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47
Q

divalent calcium and magnesium

A

strengthen LPS intermolecular interactions; can be weakened by EDTA

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48
Q

lipid A

A

toxic to humans; contains only saturated fatty acids for rigidity; essential for viability

49
Q

What antibiotics target LPS?

A

polymyxin antibiotics

50
Q

lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxin)

A

lipids + sugar; no proteins/peptides; resistant to heat, protease, autoclaving

51
Q

O-specific polysaccharide

A

varies among species; useful for identification of organisms

52
Q

core polysaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, heptose, KDO, glucosamine

53
Q

lipid A is inserted _

A

in outer membrane

54
Q

core an O-specific polysaccharides are _

A

hydrophilic with a negative charge

55
Q

LPS actions

A

activates B cells, stimulates macrophages/DCs to produce cytokines, causes fever, causes leukopenia, fatal at high doses, enhances glycolysis which leads to hypoglycemia

56
Q

septic shock/endotoxin shock

A

fever, chills, malaise, increased HR and RR, extreme hypotension, multiorgan failure, coagulation pathway

57
Q

extreme hypotension in septic shock is caused by

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNFa

58
Q

activation of coagulation pathway leads to _

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

59
Q

peptidoglycan layer (murein)

A

critical for resistance to osmotic stress, critical target for antibiotics, permits diffusion, and has pyrogenic activity

60
Q

peptidoglycan layer consists of _

A

amino acids, sugars (NAG/NAM), other molecules

61
Q

chemical structure of peptidoglycan

A

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) is never found in eukaryotes; repeating units of NAM/NAG, D-aminos + L-aminos, diaminopimelic (DAP) (DAP in - and lysine in +)

62
Q

lysozyme

A

breaks a bond in NAM; gram positive organisms are most sensitive

63
Q

when can lysozyme cross outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

A

only after osmotic shocks and EDTA treatment

64
Q

transpeptidation reaction is inhibited by _

A

beta-lactam antibiotics

65
Q

gram staining

A

crystal violet –> gram’s iodine –> decolorizer (alcohol) –> safranin red

66
Q

gram positive will stain _

A

purple

67
Q

gram negative will stain _

A

red/pink

68
Q

Which bacteria is susceptible to penicillin G?

A

gram positive

69
Q

how many membranes do gram negative bacteria have?

A

2

70
Q

how many membranes do gram positive bacteria have?

A

1

71
Q

eukaryotic lipids

A

phosphatidylcholine and sterols

72
Q

prokaryotic lipids

A

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin, usually no cholesterol

73
Q

PE is targeted by _

A

polymyxins

74
Q

molecules that require active transport

A

ions, iron, magnesium, calcium (metals), amino acids, sugars, vitamins

75
Q

efflux pumps allow _

A

resistance to antimicrobial agents

76
Q

mycobacteria outer layer

A

mycolic acid; acid fast

77
Q

mycolic acid provides _

A

resistance to detergents, drying, stains, common antibiotics

78
Q

mycoplasma outer layer

A

triple-layered lipoprotein membrane with cholesterol

79
Q

spirochete characteristics

A

endoflagella/axial filaments, corkscrew-shape, motile, outer membrane

80
Q

Which spirochetes have LPS?

A

leptospira

81
Q

chlamydia life cycle

A

infectious elementary body (metabolically inactive) –> reticulate body (active) –> after dividing, coverts back to EB

82
Q

outer membrane vesicles

A

membrane “blebs” originating from OM of ALL gram-neg bacteria

83
Q

OMVs contain _

A

adhesins, toxins, enzymes, sometimes DNA

84
Q

extracellular vesicles

A

membrane vesicles produced by gram positives

85
Q

functions of EVs/OMVs

A

diffuse and enter spaces too small for whole bacteria, increase toxin delivery, can contain beta-lactamase to increase resistance, transferrable DNA, might fuse with host cells

86
Q

neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

utilizes an outer membrane protein that binds to factor H, increasing conversion of C3b to iC3b to inhibit MAC

87
Q

gram positive bacteria & MAC complex

A

gram-pos are naturally resistant to lysis by complement due to thick peptidoglycan cell wall; can still be opsonized though

88
Q

glycocalyx

A

layer or coating external to the cell wall; includes slime layers, capsules, S-layers

89
Q

slime layers

A

amorphous, diffuse, thin group of EC polysaccharides, proteins, lipids

90
Q

S-layer

A

defined layer of EC glycoprotein around the cell, just outside of PG layer; usually comprised of single protein

91
Q

capsules in gram-neg

A

K antigen

92
Q

K antigen

A

extend further out from cell surface and are important virulence factor

93
Q

capsule virulence properties

A

antiphagocytic, poorly T cell immunogenic, influence adherence, partially inhibit MAC

94
Q

capsules as vaccination tools

A

vaccination using purified capsular polysaccharides is effective against some important bacterial pathogens

95
Q

major bacterial pathogens with capsule

A

flu type B, streptococcus pneumoniae, group A & B strep, neisseria meningitidis, salmonella, C. fetus, bacillus anthracis, pseudomonas

96
Q

which encapsulated bacteria have a vaccine against them?

A

type B flu, streptococcus pneumoniae, and neisseria meningitidis

97
Q

endospores

A

differentiated structures formed by gram-pos bacteria only during nutrient deprivation

98
Q

what are endospores sensitive to?

A

steam, sporicidal agents, bleach, glutaraldehyde, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide

99
Q

endospore core

A

genome with protein synthesis machinery, energy, and AA production components

100
Q

endospore wall

A

peptidoglycan

101
Q

endospore cortex

A

concentric layers of spore-specific peptidoglycan (thickest layer)

102
Q

endospore coat

A

keratin-like protein coat with disulfide bonds for chemical strength

103
Q

endospore exosporum

A

remnant of mother cell membranes

104
Q

What is found in all endospores?

A

dipicolinic acid to protect DNA

105
Q

endospore germination

A

activation –> germination –> outgrowth

106
Q

endospore activation

A

stimulated by fresh medium, temp change, pH, or age; requires water and triggering nutrient (alanine)

107
Q

endospore germination

A

cortex swells as it is rehydrated –> excretes calcium and dipicolinic acid –> loses temp resistance

108
Q

endospore outgrowth

A

core enlarges, mRNA synthesis, spore coat ruptures, spore wall expanded to form new peptidoglycan

109
Q

conjugation

A

transfer of plasmids between bacteria

110
Q

antibiotics that target large subunit (50S)

A

chloramphenicol, clindamycin, macrolides

111
Q

antibiotics that target small subunit

A

tetracycline, aminoglycosides

112
Q

peptidoglycan and disease

A

sensitive to lysozyme, thick PG is complement resistant, can elicit cytokine response, unique structure allows targeting by antibiotics

113
Q

capsules and disease

A

inhibit phagocytosis, poorly T cell immunogenic, partial complement resistance; vaccine target

114
Q

plasmids and disease

A

confer antibiotic resistance

115
Q

flagella and disease

A

motility, immunogenic, can be important for virulence

116
Q

LPS and disease

A

endotoxin shock/sepsis; unique structure; targeted by polymyxin antibiotics

117
Q

pili and disease

A

critical for adherence

118
Q

endospores and disease

A

resistance to many microbicidal agents; environmental persistence, disease relapse

Microbiology 1 (5 decks)

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