Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology 1 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

antibiotics

A

molecules produced by microorganisms that kill other microorganisms or inhibit their growth; streptomyces, bacillus, penicillium, cephalosporium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

selective toxicity

A

central concept of antimicrobial action; the growth of the infecting organism is selectively inhibited or the organism is killed without damage to the cells of the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ideal agent

A
  1. low in toxicity to host’s cells
  2. should not induce hypersensitivity
  3. low dose
  4. host should not destroy or excrete the drug until it has functioned
  5. no resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

penicillin

A

streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bactericidal

A

kills, important for serious infection or when natural ability is impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibits bacterial growth, allowing host defenses to catch up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of bactericidals

A

beta-lactams, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, quinolones, anti-TB, anti-folates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

examples of bacteriostatics

A

tetracyclines, macrolides, anti-folates, clindamycin, chloramphenicol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

vancomycin, bacitracin, penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

inhibition of folic acid metabolism

A

trimethoprim, sulfonamides, dapsone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

action on cell membrane

A

polymyxins, platensimycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

50S inhibitors (protein synthesis)

A

macrolides, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, oxazolidinones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

30S inhibitors (protein synthesis)

A

tetracycline, spectinomycin, aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

inhibition of DNA directed RNA polymerase

A

rifampin, fidaxomicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

inhibition of DNA synthesis

A

metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

inhibition of gyrase/topoisomerase

A

quinolones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

penicillin G and penicillin V

A

limited spectrum; beta-lactamase sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ampicillin and amoxicillin

A

broad spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

methicillin

A

beta-lactamase resistant; acid labile; for gram pos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

oxacillin

A

beta-lactamase resistant; acid stable; for gram pos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

carbenicillin

A

extended spectrum; pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does penicillin inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

at transpeptidase step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

are penicillins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

cidal, require active growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

penicillin mechanism of resistance

A

beta lactamases or penicillin binding protein mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
penicillin side effects
allergy (use macrolides instead), stevens johnson syndrome, diarrhea, colitis
26
cephalosporins
broader spectrum, more resistant to beta-lactamase, low cross reaction with penicillins
27
disadvantages of cephalosporins
less potent but more expensive; still around 40% of antibiotics prescribed
28
cefamycins
subset of second generation of cephalosporins and are more stable to beta-lactamases
29
beta-lactamase
enzyme in bacteria that can break structure of some beta-lactam antibiotics
30
cephalosporin mechanism of action
inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis at transpeptidation step
31
are cephalosporins cidal or static?
cidal, require active growth
32
cephalosporins not used for _
listeria, atypical/anaerobes (except cefoxitin), MRSA (except ceftaroline), or enterococci (LAME)
33
cephalosporin mechanism of resistance
PBP mutations
34
cephalosporin toxicity
OK for penicillin allergy; colitis
35
carbapenems/monobactam MofA
inhibit peptidoglycan biosynthesis at transpeptidation biosynthesis
36
Are carbapenems/monobactams cidal/static?
cidal, require active growth
37
carbapenems/monobactems spectrum
not usually first resort; pseudomonas
38
carbapenems/monobactems mechanism of resistance
beta-lactamase
39
carbapenems/monobactems side effects
allergy, colitis
40
bacitracin MofA
inhibits dephosphorylation of lipid intermediate in cell wall
41
vancomycin MofA
prevents precursor from being added to growing chain in cell wall
42
is vancomycin cidal/static?
cidal, requires active growth
43
vancomycin spectrum
gram(+) cocci including MRSA and enterococci; not gram (-)
44
vancomycin mechanism of resistance
change of D-ala-D-ala to D-ala-D-lactate or D-ala-D-ser
45
vancomycin side effects
GI, diarrhea, nausea, nephrotoxicity
46
polymyxins
target lipid A biosynthesis & phosphatidylethanolamine; cidal
47
polymyxin spectrum
gram(-) only; colistin, topical (neosporin)
48
polymyxins side effects
nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity
49
polymyxins mechanism of resistance
mutations in lipid A biosynthesis
50
rifampin inhibits _
DNA to mRNA
51
quinolones/metronidazole inhibit _
DNA replication
52
bactericidal protein synthesis inhibitors are _
irreversible; aminoglycosides
53
aminoglycosides MofA
inhibit protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal subunit
54
aminoglycosides are static/cidal?
cidal
55
aminoglycosides spectrum
gram negative (pseudomonas) and some gram(+) in synergy with pen; anaerobes
56
aminoglycosides mechanism of resistance
acetylation, adenylation, phosphorylation
57
AG toxicity
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, not for pregnant women
58
chloramphenicol toxicity
limits clinical use by causing aplastic anemia (bone marrow suppression) or gray baby syndrome
59
chloramphenicol MofA
reversibly binds to 50S to inhibit protein synthesis by preventing peptide bond formation
60
chloramphenicol static/cidal?
static, broad spectrum
61
chloramphenicol primary uses
salvage therapy for meningitis, enterococcus, atypicals, conjunctivitis
62
tetracyclines MofA
inhibit protein synthesis at 30S
63
tetracyclines static/cidal?
static
64
tetracyclines spectrum
+/-, atypicals, excellent for intracellulars, anti-protozoal
65
penicillin DOC
syphilis, GASM GAB, Lyme disease, MSSAca
66
carbapenems DOC
febrile neutropenia
67
AG DOC
plague, tularemia
68
tetracycline DOC
chlamydia, rickettsia, lyme, brucella, Q fever, anthrax, malaria
69
tetracycline mechanism of resistance
efflux pump
70
tetracycline side effects
CI in pregnant women and <12; bones/teeth, hepatoxicity, phototoxicity
71
lincomycin MofA
interference with peptide bond formation at 50S; static
72
lincomycin is effective against _
anaerobes; bacteriodes fragilis, malaria
73
problems with lincomycin
may induce overgrowth of C. difficile and macrolide-clindamycin resistance
74
lincosamides (clindamycin) spectrum
gram(+) cocci; anaerobes, good tissue penetration for soft tissue infections; not for enterococci or aerobic gram (-)
75
lincosamides mechanism of resistance
methylation of 23S rRNA; usually confers cross-resistance to macrolides
76
macrolides MofA
inhibit protein synthesis at 50S at 23S rRNA
77
macrolides static/cidal?
static
78
macrolides spectrum
gram(+), alternative for pen allergy, atypicals
79
macrolides mechanism of resistance
23S methylation or subunit mutations
80
macrolides toxicity
GI issues, macrolide-induced clindamycin resistance
81
oxazolidinones
new class of agents synthesized from scratch
82
oxazolidinones MofA
inhibit protein synthesis at 50S (23S specifically)
83
oxazolidinones static/cidal?
static
84
oxazolidinones spectrum
gram(+) cocci including MRSA; not for gram negative due to efflux pumps
85
oxazolidinones mechanism of resistance
chromosomal mutation of 23S or L3/L4, 23S methylation, efflux pumps
86
oxazolidinones side effects
headache, insomnia, GI, yeast infections
87
rifamycins should not be used as _
monotherapy due to emergence of spontaneous resistance
88
rifamycins MofA
inhibit bacterial transcription at RNA polymerase step
89
rifamycins static/cidal?
cidal
90
rifamycins spectrum
used in conjunction with other drugs for TB and leprosy, prophylaxis for meningitis (NOT ACTIVE MENINGITIS)
91
rifamycin mechanism of resistance
chromosomal RNA polymerase beta subunit mutations
92
rifamycin side effects
GI, hepatotoxicity, decrease BC effectiveness
93
ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolones)
mostly gram(-); pseudomonas and MSSA
94
levofloxacin (fluoroquinolone)
mostly gram(+); pneumococcus and pseudomonas
95
moxifloxacin (fluoroquinolones)
atypicals, anaerobes
96
quinolones static/cidal?
cidal
97
quinolones MofA
gyrase/topoisomerase inhibitor
98
quinolones spectrum
mostly gram(-) and some gram(+) [strep, steph], atypicals
99
quinolones mechanism of resistance
DNA gyrase chromosomal mutations or efflux pump
100
quinolones side effects
GI, dizziness, headache, CI in pregnancy, nerve damage, colitis
101
metronidazole MofA
inhibits DNA replication but requires activation by a nitroreductase in microaerophiles, anaerobes, protozoa (prodrug)
102
metronidazole static/cidal?
cidal
103
metronidazole spectrum
atypicals, microaerophiles, anaerobes, protozoa, C. diff
104
metronidazole DOC
many GI and diarrheal diseases - vaginosas, trich, amoeba, giardia (NOT for yeast infections)
105
metronidazole side effects
GI, dizziness, dry mouth and metallic taste; CI with alcohol
106
anti-folate examples
sulfonamides (no PABA --> DHA) and trimethoprim (no DHA --> THA)
107
anti-folates static/cidal?
static (1drug), cidal (2 drugs)
108
anti-folates spectrum
gram(+/-)
109
anti-folates mechanism of resistance
duplicate enzyme production that is resistant to drug
110
anti-folate side effects
allergies, stephens johnson syndrome

Microbiology 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions