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Bacte Lec > BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND CLASSIFICATIO > Flashcards

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND CLASSIFICATIO Flashcards

1
Q

General Characteristics of Bacteria

A

Minute unicellular organisms
Vary in shapes
Vary in size
Possess a cell wall
Multiply by Binary Fission

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2
Q

Collective term for the outer layer

A

CELL ENVELOPE
➢Outer membrane
➢ Periplasm
➢ Cell Wall
➢ Cell membrane

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3
Q

Bilayer

A

Cell envelope

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4
Q

Cell envelope of Gram (-)

A

Periplasm

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5
Q

Present in both Gram (-) and (+)

A

Cell membrane

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6
Q

Functions of Cell envelope

A

Acts as osmotic barrier
For energy generation
Hydrolytic enzymes
Biosynthetic function
Chemotactic system

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7
Q

Composition of Cell Wall

A

Peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Cell wall is common to all bacteria except?

A

Mycoplasma

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9
Q

Rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane.
Vary in composition

A

Cell Wall

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10
Q

Functions of Cell wall

A

Rigidity
Protection against osmotic pressure
Contributes to pathogenicity
Site of antigenic determinants

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11
Q

Components of Gram (+) Cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan
Teichoic Acid

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12
Q

Types of Teichoic acid

A

Wall teichoic acid
Membrane teichoic acid

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13
Q

Cell wall linked to polypeptidoglycan

A

Wall teichoic acid

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14
Q

Cell wall linked to the cell membrane

A

Membrane teichoic acid

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15
Q

Wall less variants of normal cells. Wall-less due to chemicals and other factors.
L forms/phase Types

A

Protoplast
Spheroplast

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15
Q

Gram (-) Cell wall composition

A

Peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
proteins
bilayer of phospholipids
porins
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipoprotein

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16
Q

Gram (-) cell wall outer membrane composition

A

Proteins
Bilayer of phospholipids
Porins

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17
Q

Wall- less bacterium
Naturally occurring; resistant to antibiotics

A

Mycoplasma

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18
Q

plant cells that have had their cell walls removed by treatment with cellulytic enzymes

A

Protoplast

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19
Q

a microbial cell from which the cell wall has been almost completely removed, as by the action of penicillin or lysozyme

A

Spheroplast

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20
Q

Composed of polysaccharide
Surface adherents

A

GLYCOCALYX

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21
Q

Firmly attached to cell wall
Thick, well organized structure
Not easily washed off
Virulence factor

A

CAPSULE

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22
Q

Loosely associated with the cell wall
Diffused, unorganized layer
Easily washed off

A

Slime layer

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23
Q

Protection
For attachment or adherence to
other cell tissues on body cells
Resistance to phagocytosis

A

Glycocalyx

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24
Q

Arise from the surface of the bacterium

A

Cell Appendage

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25
Q

Types of Surface Adherents

A

Capsule
Slime Layer

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26
Q

Long, hair or whip like filamets

A

Flagella/flagellum

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27
Q

Composed of CHON known as FLAGELLIN

A

Flagella

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28
Q

Chon is known as?

A

Flagellin

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29
Q

Types of Flagellin

A

Atrichous
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous

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30
Q

No flagella

A

Atrichous

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31
Q

Single Flagella

A

Monotrichous

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32
Q

Numerous flagella at one end

A

Lophotrichous

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33
Q

Numerous flagella at both end

A

Amphitrichous

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34
Q

Flagella all over

A

Peritrichous

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35
Q

Not involved in motility
Shorter than flagellum
PILIN

A

PILI OR FIMBRIAE

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36
Q

Types of Pili or Fimbrae

A

Ordinary or common pili
Sex pili

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37
Q

Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell which are in diret c ontact with each other

A

Conjugation

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38
Q

Found in Spirochetes

A

Axial Filament or Afibril

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39
Q

Modifiel Flagellum called as?

A

Endoflagellum

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40
Q

Enclosed in a cell and is responsible for motility of spirochetes

A

Endoflagellum

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41
Q

Dense gelatinous mass
70-80% water

A

Cytoplasm

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42
Q

How much percentage of water is the cytoplasm of bacteria?

A

70-80%

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43
Q

Cytoplasmic Structures

A

Ribosomes
Mesosomes
Granules or inclusion
Nucleoid
Plasmid
Spores

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44
Q

Can only be killed in autoclave

A

Cytoplasm of bacteria

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45
Q

Factors of resistance of Cytoplasm of bacteria

A

Spore rich in Calcium, Vitamin D and Dipicolinin Acid
Dehydrated state (15%)
Inert or inactive state
Block entry

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46
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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47
Q

Invagination; site of DNA recognition

A

Mesosomes

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48
Q

Glycogen and polyposmic granules in cytoplasmic structure

A

Granules or inlucions

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49
Q

Contains DNA

A

nucleoid

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50
Q

Has genetic elements

A

Plasmid

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51
Q

Formed when bacteria at adverse physical and chemical conditions

A

Spores

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52
Q

Spore parts

A

Spore
Core
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Spore wall
Cortex
Keratin Spore coat

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53
Q

Thich layer of less cross-linked peptidoglycan in spore

A

Cortex

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54
Q

Normal and peptidoglycan in spore

A

Spore wall

55
Q

The Core of Spore contains?

A

DNA
Ribosomes
Glycolytic
Enzymes

56
Q

Can survive adverse conditions for years

57
Q

Contains protein in spore

A

Keratin Spore Coat

58
Q

Shape and position of bacterial spore

A

NON BULGING
Oval Cental
Spherical Central
Oval sub terminal

BULGING
Oval sub terminal
Oval terminal
Spherical terminal
Free spore

59
Q

Basic shapes of Bacteria

A

Spherical (Cocci)
Rod (Bacilli)
Spiral
Pleomorphic
Involuted

60
Q

Round or spherical cells

A

Coccus or Cocci

61
Q

Arrangements according to round (Cocci)

A

Singly
Pair
Gaps of 4
Cubical packets
Chains
Clusters

62
Q

Bacterial Morphology (Arrangements) according to Spherical

A

Monococcus
Diplococcus
Streptococcus
Tetracoccus
Sarcina
Staphylococcus

63
Q

Rod-shaped or elongated
Rounded or flattened ends

A

Bacillus or Bacilli

64
Q

Intermidiate of cocci and bacilli

A

Coccobacillus

65
Q

Bacterial Morphology (Arrangement) of Bacilli

A

Coccobacillus
Bacillus
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Palisades

66
Q

Cylindrical and convoluted

67
Q

Groups of Spiral Bacterial Morphology

A

Vibrio
Spirillum
Spirochetes

68
Q

Types of Spirochetes

A

Treponema
Leptospira
Borrelia

69
Q

Miscellaneous forms

A

Pleomorphic
Involuted

70
Q

Characterized by different shapes occuring in normal or favorable conditions

A

Pleomorphic

71
Q

Different shapes occuring in abnormal and unfavorable conditions

72
Q

It can change its morphology

A

Pleomorphic

73
Q

Can change shape because of external factors

74
Q

Division on one plane can produce?

A

diplococci and streptococci

75
Q

Division on two planes at right angle can form?

76
Q

Division on three or more plances can form?

A

Clusters or cell packets

77
Q

Cells are arranged beside each other
Picket fence arrangement or palisade
arrangement

78
Q

Cells bend at their point of division
Chinese letter arrangement

79
Q

Positions after division

A

Slipping
Snapping

80
Q

they do not require oxygen

80
Q

organisms that require normal atmospheric oxygen

81
Q

primarily aerobes which can survive in
the absence of oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

82
Q

primarily anaerobes which can survive in
the presence of oxygen

A

Facultative aerobes

83
Q

organisms requiring low concentration of
oxygen

A

Microaerophiles

84
Q

require increase carbon dioxide
content (5-10%)

A

Capnophile organisms

85
Q

Can be maintained be using candle jar or CO2 incubator

A

Capnophile organisms

86
Q

lowest temp. at which organisms may grow

87
Q

Psychrophile
OPTIMUM
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
Temperature required

87
Q

highest temp. at which organisms can grow

88
Q

temp. at which organisms grow best

89
Q

Thermophile
OPTIMUM
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
Temperature required

A

50-60C
75C
45C

90
Q

Mesophile
OPTIMUM
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
Temperature required

A

20-40C
40C
15-20C

91
Q

Degree of acidity or basicity of the solution

A

PH OF THE MEDIUM

92
Q

Human Pathogens:

A

Neutrophiles
Acidophiles
Alkalinophiles

93
Q

Neutrophiles
pH requirement

A

6.5-7.5 pH

94
Q

Acidophiles
pH requirement

A

acidic medium for growth

95
Q

Alkalinophiles
pH requirement

A

Basic medium for growth

96
Q

Osmotic pressure requirements

A

Isotonic or hypotonic
Hypertonic
Halophiles
Halotolerant

97
Q

Pressure where bacteria can survive

A

Isotonic or Hypotonic

98
Q

Pressure where osmophiles can survive

A

Hypertonic

99
Q

Pressure where there is increase salt concentration

A

Halophiles

100
Q

Pressure where it does not require increase salt concentration for growth

A

Halotolerant

101
Q

Type for moisture

A

Water or solvent

102
Q

Nutrition for synthesis of cell composition

103
Q

Carbon nutrition for particular cell growth includes?

A

autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Phototrophs
Chemotrophs

104
Q

Need a nutrition of CO2

A

Autotrophs

105
Q

Its nutrition depends on other organisms

A

Heterotrophs

106
Q

Its nutrition is derived from sunlight or organic carbon

A

Phototrophs

107
Q

Its nutrition is obtained energy through oxidation (e.g Fe)

A

Chemotrophs

108
Q

Nutrition for systhesis of protein, DNA, and RNA

109
Q

Bacteria that require Mineral Nutritions

A

Lithotrophs
Organotrophs

110
Q

Nutritions for Cell growth

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Minerals
Salt

111
Q

Levels of growth

A

Cellular growth
Population growth

112
Q

Mode of repoduction

A

Binary fission or Transverse fission

113
Q

Parent cell gives rise to 2 new daughter cells

A

Binary fission

114
Q

Growth is individually

A

Cellular growth

115
Q

Gowth is increase in number

A

Population growth

116
Q

Described as exponential or logarithmic only if there is favorable condition

A

Growth rate

117
Q

Time required for a single cell to divide and produce two
daughter cells

A

generation time

118
Q

Log of numbers of bacteria

A

0-5 hours
Lag phase

Exponential growth phase

Stationary phase

5-10 hours
Death or decline phase

119
Q

Counting number of colony in a plate

A

Viable count technique

120
Q

Count techniques in determining bacterial growth

A

Pour plate method
Spread plate technique
Membrane filter method

121
Q

Counting total number of bacteria
microscopically

A

DIRECT MICROSCOPY

122
Q

Techniques of Direct microscopy

A

Counting Chamber
Electric Counters

123
Q

the number of tiny
particles or bacteria in a
suspension is INVERSELY
proportional in relation to the amount of light transmitted.

A

Turbidimetry

124
Q

Process in which a new recombinant chromosome is formed
by combining genetic material from two organisms.

A

Genetic recombination

125
Q

Genetic transfer between 2 cells

A

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

126
Q

Transfer of genetic material from a donor cell to the
recipient cell when they are in physical contact with each other

A

CONJUGATION

127
Q

Direct transfer
Controlled by F Plasmid or F Factor

A

CONJUGATION

128
Q

Transfer of genetic material by means of bacterial virus
BACTERIOPHAGE

A

TRANSDUCTION

129
Q

Types of TRANSDUCTION

A

GENERALIZED
SPECIALIZED

130
Q

Type of transduction that can carry any part of DNA

A

Generalized

131
Q

Type of transduction that carry specific part of DNA

A

Specialized

132
Q

Transfer of genetic material in bacteria where the
recipient cell take up free or naked DNA from its
environment.

A

Transformation

133
Q

2 methods of occurrence of Transformation

A

Nature
Laboratory

Bacte Lec (4 decks)

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