Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Bacterial metabolism, exchange mechanisms, commensal, pathogenic, normal flora, and epidemiology > Flashcards

Bacterial metabolism, exchange mechanisms, commensal, pathogenic, normal flora, and epidemiology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microbial metabolism?

A

This is the collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take place within cells of an organism.

The ultimate goal / function of metabolism is to reproduce the organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.

These reactions require energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are oxidation and reduction reactions?

A

These are reactions that transfer electrons from molecule that donates electron to molecule that accepts the electron

These reactions are always coupled

Cells use electron carriers to carry electrons (Often, these are hydrogen atoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three important electron carriers in redox reactions?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) goes to NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) goes to NADPH

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) goes to FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is energy concentrated and stored?

A

Energy is concentrated and stored in the high-energy bonds of ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does phosphorylation mean?

A

Phosphorylation is the addition of organic phosphate being added to a substrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three ways that cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation - Direct transfer of a phosphate

Oxidative phosphorylation - Uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients

Photophosphorylation - Uses the energy of sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do anabolic pathways use the energy of ATP?

A

Anabolic pathways use the energy of ATP by breaking a phosphate bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What molecule is oxidized as a primary energy source for anabolic reactions?

A

Carbohydrates

Glucose is the most commonly used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What reactions are responsible for glucose catabolism?

A

Cellular respiration - Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC

Fermentation - Glycolysis, conversion of purvic acid into organic wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does glycolysis involve?

A

Gycolysis involves the splitting a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon sugar molecules.

Phosphate is transfered between two substrates four times (Substrate level phosphorylation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

Synthesis of acetyl-CoA

Krebs Cycle

ETC

Pyruvic acid is oxidized to produce ATP via redx reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur in bacterial cells?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the Krebs cycle transfer most energy to?

A

NAD+

FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the ETC caried out in bacterial cells?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

This is the most significant source of ATP

Oxygen is the electron carrier; forms water

17
Q

How is bacterial ETC different than in Eukaryotes?

A

ETC enzymes are embedded in the plasma membrane as opposed to the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

They also use different electron donors - Hydrogen, CO, ammonia, nitrite, sulfur, sulfide, and ferrous iron

Bacteria use different electron cariers - NADH dehydrogenase, quinone (oxidase), cytochrome (oxidase)

18
Q

What is fermentation?

A

This is a metabolic process that takes place in the absence of oxygen

Anaerobic

This provides cells with an alternate source of NAD+

Organic molecules are the electron acceptor

Alcohol ferments sugars to ethanol and CO2

Lactic acid fermentation

Mixed acid fermentation

Butanediol fermentation (Pyruvate to acetoin to 2,3 butanediol)

19
Q

What is vertical gene transfer?

A

This is when organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to their descendents.

20
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

This is when a donor contributes part of their genome to a recipient.

21
Q

How many types of horizontal gene transfer are there?

A

Transformation

Transduction

Bacterial Conjugation

22
Q

What is bacterial transformation?

A

Transformation is the genetic alteration of a bacterial cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s).

NOTE: See Griffith’s Experiment:

Inject mouse with S strain - Mouse dies

Inject mouse with R strain - Mouse lives

Kill S strain by heating

Inject heat-killed S strain into mouse - Mouse lives

Mix heat-killed S strain with R strain

Inject mouse with this mix - Mouse dies. Living S-strain bacteria found in mouse

23
Q

What is bacterial transduction?

A

Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector. Transduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell receiving the DNA

24
Q

What is the Lysogenic cycle?

A

Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium’s genome or formation of a circular replicon in the bacterium’s cytoplasm.

In this condition the bacterium continues to live and reproduce normally.The genetic material of the bacteriophage, called a prophage, can be transmitted to daughter cells at each subsequent cell division, and a later event can release it, causing proliferation of new phages via the lytic cycle.

25
Q

Picture of Specialized Transduction

A
26
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

Conjugation refers to the transfer of DNA from one cell to another

Occurs in Gram - cells and requires a sex pilus (F pilus)

Involves transfer of genes on conjugation plasmid

Can happen in Gram + as well

27
Q

What are the different types of plasmid that can be exchanged by conjugation?

A

Fertility (Genes for pili)

Resistance factors (Genes for antibiotic resistance)

Bacteriocin factors (Exotoxins that kill competing bacteria)

Virulence plasmids (Genes that cause pathogenicity)

Microbiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions