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Microbiology > Bacterial Metabolism And Genetics > Flashcards

Bacterial Metabolism And Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe anabolism

A

Biosynthesis
Building complex molecules
Requires ATP

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2
Q

Describe catabolism

A

Degradation
Breaking down complex molecules
Releases ATP

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3
Q

Example of precursor molecules

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Pyruvis acid
Acetyl group

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4
Q

Precursor for amino acids, carbohydrates ang triglycerides

A

G-3-P

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5
Q

Precursor for amino acid

A

Pyruvic acid

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6
Q

Proteins which are good examples of caralysts

A

Enzymes

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7
Q

What are catalysts

A

Chemicals that speed up the rate of chemical reaction

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8
Q

Check list of enzyme characteristics

A 
Proteins
Organic catalysts
Lower the activation of energy
Unique characteristics
Provide reactive site
Larger in size than substrates
Do not become integrated into rxn process
Not used up in the rxn
Function in extermely low conc
Limited by pH and temp
Regulated by feedback and genetic mechanism
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9
Q

Consist of protein alone

A

Simple enzymes

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10
Q

Protein + non protein

A

Complex enzyme

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11
Q

Protein portion

A

Apoenzyme

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12
Q

Non protein portion

A

Co factor

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13
Q

Types of co factors

A

Metallic

Coenymes

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14
Q

Metallic co factors

A

M-I-C

Magnesium
Iron
Copper

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15
Q

Examples of coenzymes

A

Organic molecules

Vitamins

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16
Q

Part that accepts the substrate

A

Active site

Catalytic site

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17
Q

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

A

Catalase + iron

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18
Q

Adds electrons to oxygen

A

Oxidase + iron copper

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19
Q

Transfers phosphate to glucose

A

Hexokinase + magnesium

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20
Q

Splits urea to ammonium

A

Urease + nikel

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21
Q

Reduces nitrate to nitrite

A

Nitrate reductase + molybdenum

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22
Q

Synthesis of dna

A

Dna polymerase complex + zinc magnesium

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23
Q

Enzymes transported extracellularly to become active

A

Exoenzymes

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24
Q

Retained intracellularly

A

Endoenzymes

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25
Q

Always present in constant amount regardless of the number of substrates

A

Constitutive enzymes

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26
Q

Not always present, only produced when substrate is present

A

Inducible enzymes

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27
Q

Synthesis or condensation reaction

A

Anabolic
Form covalent bonds
Require atp
Release 1mol of water

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28
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Catabolic
Breakdown substrates
Require input of water

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29
Q

Transfer reactions by enzymes

A 
Oxidation reduction
Amino transferases
Phosphotransferases
Methyl transferases
Decarboxylases
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30
Q

Chemically unstable enzymes

A

Labile

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31
Q

Weak bonds that maintain the shape of the enzymes are broken

A

Denaturation

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32
Q

Patterns of metabolic pathway

A

Linear
Cyclic
Branches

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33
Q

Differentiate competitive/noncompetitive/enzyme repression/enzyme induction

A

Competitive - same active site
Non competitive - may allosteric binding site
Repression - genetic level, control synthesis of key enzymes
Induction - enzymes are made only when substrates are present

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34
Q

Strep pyogenes
Streptokinase
Protease

A

Sk- digest blood clots, assist in invasion of wounds

Pase- flesh eating dx

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35
Q

Staph aureus

Lipase

A

Skin boils

Promote invasion of oil producing glands of the skin

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36
Q

P. Aeruginosa
Elastase
Collagenase

A

Respiratory & skin pathogen
Digest elastin
Digest collagen

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37
Q 
Clostridium perfringens
Lecithin C (lipase)
A

Gas gangrene, food poisoning

Damage cell membrane, cell death

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38
Q

Consume energy

A

Endergonic

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39
Q

Release energy

A

Exergonic

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40
Q

Bonds remained unchanged

A

Potential energy

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41
Q

Bind energy is released for cellular work

A

Kinetic energy

42
Q

Basic structure of hydrogen

A

1 proton

1 electron

43
Q

Basic structure of oxygen

A

8 protons, neutron,electrons

44
Q

Positive charged

A

Proton

45
Q

No charge

A

Neutron

46
Q

Negative charge

A

Electron

47
Q

Most carriers of electron and protons

A

NAD, FAD, NADP, COA

48
Q

Metabolic currency

A

ATP

49
Q

Formation of ATP

A

Substrate level
Oxidative phosphorylation
Phosphorylation

50
Q

Transfer of phosphate group directly to ADP

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

51
Q

Series of redox reaction during respiratory pathway

A

Oxidative phos

52
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Phosphorylation

53
Q

Study of the transformation of energy in living organisms

A

Bioenergetics

54
Q

3 coupled pathways of primary catabolism of glucose

A

Glycolysis
Krebs
Etc

55
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis, etc, krebs
Final acceptor - oxygen
Atp -38

56
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis, etc, krebs
Final electron acceptor - no3, so4, co3
Variable # of atp

57
Q

Fermentation

A

Glycolysis
Final acceptor - organic molecules
Atp 2

58
Q

Glucose is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

A

Glycolysis

Embden meyerhof parnas

59
Q

Processes pyruvic acid and generates 3 co2 molecules

A

Tca, krebs, citric

60
Q

The sequence of the respiratory chain of most aerobic organisms

A 
NADH DEH
FMN
COQ
CY B
CY C1
CY C
CY A & A3
61
Q

Actively pump hydrogen ions across the membrane setting up a proton motive force

A

Chemiosmosis

62
Q

Difference in charge between the outer membrane compartment (+) and inner membrane (-)

A

Proton motive force

63
Q

Sum total of all chemical reactions and physical workings occurring in the cell

A

Metabolism

64
Q

Final processing mill for electrons and hydrogen

A

ETC and oxidative phosphorylation

65
Q

Major generator of ATP

A

ETC

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

66
Q

Type of organism that lacks cytochrome c oxidase

A

Bacteria

67
Q

Oxidase positive – they have CY C oxidase

A

Nisseria
Bacillus
Pseudomonas

68
Q

No cytochrome oxidase, can survive in presence of cyanide

A

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

69
Q

Cause rapid death bec it blocks cyt oxidase terminating aerobic respiration

A

Cyanide

70
Q

Side effect of respiratory chain in aerobic organisms

A

Incomplete reduction of oxygen to superoxide ions

Production of h2o2

71
Q

Neutralizing enzymes

A

Superoxide dismutase

Catalase

72
Q

Can grow well in oxygen yet lacks both cytochrome and catalase

A

Streptococcus

73
Q

Major defense against h2o2 and organic oeroxides

A

Glutathione peroxidase

74
Q

Alternative pathway for oxidation of glucose

A

PPP/hexose monophosphate shunt/phosphogluconate pathway

Anaerobic respiration

Fermentation

75
Q

PPP

A

Anaerobically oxidize glucose to Release ATP, produce large amts of NADPH

Heterolactic bacteria

76
Q

Various end products produced in PPP

A

Lactose
Ethanol
Carbon dioxide
R-5-P

77
Q

Principle pathway for oxidation of glucose

A

Glycolysis

TCA/krebs

78
Q

Alternative pathway for oxidation of glucose - not for energy

A

HMP

79
Q

Reductive synthesis

A

NADPH

80
Q

For nucleic acid synthesis

A

Pentoses

81
Q

Most common site of synthesis

A 
Liver - phospholipid, Fa synthesis, cholesterol
Adipose - FA synthesis
Lactating mammary gland - Fa syn
Adrenal cortex - cholesterol, steroid
Testes
Rbc
82
Q

Reduction in catabolic pathway

A

NADH

83
Q

Reduction in synthetic pathway

A

NADPH

84
Q

Utilizes oxygen containing ions as final electron acceptor – nitrate nitrite / carbonates sulfates

A

Anaerobic respiration

85
Q

Bacteria that use anaerobic respiration

A

Ecoli
Pseudomonas
Bacillus

B-E-P

86
Q

Converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol

A

Fermentation

87
Q

Fermentation occurs in

A

Yeast
Bacteria
Oxygen starved muscles

88
Q

Fermentation

A

Incomplete oxidation of glucose in the absence of oxygen

Yield small amount of ATP

89
Q

Production of ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose

A

Fermentation

90
Q

Products of fermentation

A

Alcoholic
Acidic
Mixed acid

91
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Occurs in yeast that have metabolic pathway for converting pyruvic acid to alcohol

Involves decarboxylation and reduction

Include ethanol and co2

Production of butanol and isopropanol

92
Q

Lactic acid bacteria ferment pyruvate reducing it to lactic acid

A

Acidic fermentation

93
Q

Only product produced by the organism (acidic fermentation)

A

Homolactic fermentation

Streptococcus
Lactobacillus

94
Q

Glucose is fermented to a mixture of lactic acid acetic acid and carbon dioxide

A

Heterolactic fermentation
Leuconostoc
Lactobacillus

95
Q

Possess enzyme system for converting pyruvic acid to several acid simultaneously (mixed acid fermentation)

A

Enterobacteriaceae ( escherichia, shigella, salmonella)

96
Q

Produces propionic acid

Swiss cheese flavor

A

Propionibacterium

97
Q

Reduction of organic acids by bacteria produces

Enterobacter and serratia

A

2,3-butanediol

98
Q

Ferments lactose and produces gas in glucose fermentation

A

E coli

99
Q

Ferments but not produce gas in glucose fermentation

A

Shigella

100
Q

IMVIC

A

M - methyl (mixed acid)

V - voges proskauer (2,3-butanediol)

101
Q

Amintion

A

Pyruvic acid converted into amino acids

102
Q

Deamination

A

Amino acids converted into energy sources - formation of nitrogen waste products

Microbiology (5 decks)

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