Bacterial Metabolism And Genetics Flashcards
1
Q
Describe anabolism
A
Biosynthesis
Building complex molecules
Requires ATP
2
Q
Describe catabolism
A
Degradation
Breaking down complex molecules
Releases ATP
3
Q
Example of precursor molecules
A
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Pyruvis acid
Acetyl group
4
Q
Precursor for amino acids, carbohydrates ang triglycerides
A
G-3-P
5
Q
Precursor for amino acid
A
Pyruvic acid
6
Q
Proteins which are good examples of caralysts
A
Enzymes
7
Q
What are catalysts
A
Chemicals that speed up the rate of chemical reaction
8
Q
Check list of enzyme characteristics
A
Proteins Organic catalysts Lower the activation of energy Unique characteristics Provide reactive site Larger in size than substrates Do not become integrated into rxn process Not used up in the rxn Function in extermely low conc Limited by pH and temp Regulated by feedback and genetic mechanism
9
Q
Consist of protein alone
A
Simple enzymes
10
Q
Protein + non protein
A
Complex enzyme
11
Q
Protein portion
A
Apoenzyme
12
Q
Non protein portion
A
Co factor
13
Q
Types of co factors
A
Metallic
Coenymes
14
Q
Metallic co factors
A
M-I-C
Magnesium
Iron
Copper
15
Q
Examples of coenzymes
A
Organic molecules
Vitamins
16
Q
Part that accepts the substrate
A
Active site
Catalytic site
17
Q
Breaks down hydrogen peroxide
A
Catalase + iron
18
Q
Adds electrons to oxygen
A
Oxidase + iron copper
19
Q
Transfers phosphate to glucose
A
Hexokinase + magnesium
20
Q
Splits urea to ammonium
A
Urease + nikel
21
Q
Reduces nitrate to nitrite
A
Nitrate reductase + molybdenum
22
Q
Synthesis of dna
A
Dna polymerase complex + zinc magnesium
23
Q
Enzymes transported extracellularly to become active
A
Exoenzymes
24
Q
Retained intracellularly
A
Endoenzymes
25
Always present in constant amount regardless of the number of substrates
Constitutive enzymes
26
Not always present, only produced when substrate is present
Inducible enzymes
27
Synthesis or condensation reaction
Anabolic
Form covalent bonds
Require atp
Release 1mol of water
28
Hydrolysis reaction
Catabolic
Breakdown substrates
Require input of water
29
Transfer reactions by enzymes
```
Oxidation reduction
Amino transferases
Phosphotransferases
Methyl transferases
Decarboxylases
```
30
Chemically unstable enzymes
Labile
31
Weak bonds that maintain the shape of the enzymes are broken
Denaturation
32
Patterns of metabolic pathway
Linear
Cyclic
Branches
33
Differentiate competitive/noncompetitive/enzyme repression/enzyme induction
Competitive - same active site
Non competitive - may allosteric binding site
Repression - genetic level, control synthesis of key enzymes
Induction - enzymes are made only when substrates are present
34
Strep pyogenes
Streptokinase
Protease
Sk- digest blood clots, assist in invasion of wounds
| Pase- flesh eating dx
35
Staph aureus
| Lipase
Skin boils
| Promote invasion of oil producing glands of the skin
36
P. Aeruginosa
Elastase
Collagenase
Respiratory & skin pathogen
Digest elastin
Digest collagen
37
```
Clostridium perfringens
Lecithin C (lipase)
```
Gas gangrene, food poisoning
| Damage cell membrane, cell death
38
Consume energy
Endergonic
39
Release energy
Exergonic
40
Bonds remained unchanged
Potential energy
41
Bind energy is released for cellular work
Kinetic energy
42
Basic structure of hydrogen
1 proton
| 1 electron
43
Basic structure of oxygen
8 protons, neutron,electrons
44
Positive charged
Proton
45
No charge
Neutron
46
Negative charge
Electron
47
Most carriers of electron and protons
NAD, FAD, NADP, COA
48
Metabolic currency
ATP
49
Formation of ATP
Substrate level
Oxidative phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
50
Transfer of phosphate group directly to ADP
Substrate level phosphorylation
51
Series of redox reaction during respiratory pathway
Oxidative phos
52
Photosynthesis
Phosphorylation
53
Study of the transformation of energy in living organisms
Bioenergetics
54
3 coupled pathways of primary catabolism of glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
Etc
55
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis, etc, krebs
Final acceptor - oxygen
Atp -38
56
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis, etc, krebs
Final electron acceptor - no3, so4, co3
Variable # of atp
57
Fermentation
Glycolysis
Final acceptor - organic molecules
Atp 2
58
Glucose is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
| Embden meyerhof parnas
59
Processes pyruvic acid and generates 3 co2 molecules
Tca, krebs, citric
60
The sequence of the respiratory chain of most aerobic organisms
```
NADH DEH
FMN
COQ
CY B
CY C1
CY C
CY A & A3
```
61
Actively pump hydrogen ions across the membrane setting up a proton motive force
Chemiosmosis
62
Difference in charge between the outer membrane compartment (+) and inner membrane (-)
Proton motive force
63
Sum total of all chemical reactions and physical workings occurring in the cell
Metabolism
64
Final processing mill for electrons and hydrogen
ETC and oxidative phosphorylation
65
Major generator of ATP
ETC
| OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
66
Type of organism that lacks cytochrome c oxidase
Bacteria
67
Oxidase positive -- they have CY C oxidase
Nisseria
Bacillus
Pseudomonas
68
No cytochrome oxidase, can survive in presence of cyanide
Klebsiella
| Enterobacter
69
Cause rapid death bec it blocks cyt oxidase terminating aerobic respiration
Cyanide
70
Side effect of respiratory chain in aerobic organisms
Incomplete reduction of oxygen to superoxide ions
| Production of h2o2
71
Neutralizing enzymes
Superoxide dismutase
| Catalase
72
Can grow well in oxygen yet lacks both cytochrome and catalase
Streptococcus
73
Major defense against h2o2 and organic oeroxides
Glutathione peroxidase
74
Alternative pathway for oxidation of glucose
PPP/hexose monophosphate shunt/phosphogluconate pathway
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
75
PPP
Anaerobically oxidize glucose to Release ATP, produce large amts of NADPH
Heterolactic bacteria
76
Various end products produced in PPP
Lactose
Ethanol
Carbon dioxide
R-5-P
77
Principle pathway for oxidation of glucose
Glycolysis
| TCA/krebs
78
Alternative pathway for oxidation of glucose - not for energy
HMP
79
Reductive synthesis
NADPH
80
For nucleic acid synthesis
Pentoses
81
Most common site of synthesis
```
Liver - phospholipid, Fa synthesis, cholesterol
Adipose - FA synthesis
Lactating mammary gland - Fa syn
Adrenal cortex - cholesterol, steroid
Testes
Rbc
```
82
Reduction in catabolic pathway
NADH
83
Reduction in synthetic pathway
NADPH
84
Utilizes oxygen containing ions as final electron acceptor -- nitrate nitrite / carbonates sulfates
Anaerobic respiration
85
Bacteria that use anaerobic respiration
Ecoli
Pseudomonas
Bacillus
B-E-P
86
Converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol
Fermentation
87
Fermentation occurs in
Yeast
Bacteria
Oxygen starved muscles
88
Fermentation
Incomplete oxidation of glucose in the absence of oxygen
Yield small amount of ATP
89
Production of ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose
Fermentation
90
Products of fermentation
Alcoholic
Acidic
Mixed acid
91
Alcoholic fermentation
Occurs in yeast that have metabolic pathway for converting pyruvic acid to alcohol
Involves decarboxylation and reduction
Include ethanol and co2
Production of butanol and isopropanol
92
Lactic acid bacteria ferment pyruvate reducing it to lactic acid
Acidic fermentation
93
Only product produced by the organism (acidic fermentation)
Homolactic fermentation
Streptococcus
Lactobacillus
94
Glucose is fermented to a mixture of lactic acid acetic acid and carbon dioxide
Heterolactic fermentation
Leuconostoc
Lactobacillus
95
Possess enzyme system for converting pyruvic acid to several acid simultaneously (mixed acid fermentation)
Enterobacteriaceae ( escherichia, shigella, salmonella)
96
Produces propionic acid
| Swiss cheese flavor
Propionibacterium
97
Reduction of organic acids by bacteria produces
Enterobacter and serratia
2,3-butanediol
98
Ferments lactose and produces gas in glucose fermentation
E coli
99
Ferments but not produce gas in glucose fermentation
Shigella
100
IMVIC
M - methyl (mixed acid)
| V - voges proskauer (2,3-butanediol)
101
Amintion
Pyruvic acid converted into amino acids
102
Deamination
Amino acids converted into energy sources - formation of nitrogen waste products
