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Oral Path Finals > Bacterial Infection > Flashcards

Bacterial Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Scarlatina

A

Scarlet fever

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2
Q

A contagious systemic infection occurring predominantly in children

A

Scarlet fever

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3
Q

Bacterial etiology of scarlet fever

A

Streptococcus pyogenes: pyrogenic exotoxin

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4
Q

Scarlet fever is similar to ___ and ____ caused by streptococci

A

Acute tonsillitis

Pharyngitis

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5
Q

Incubation period of scarlet fever

A

3-5 days

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6
Q

Clinical feature of this disease

Severe pharyngitis and tonsillitis, headache, chills, fever, abdominal pain and vomiting

A

Scarlet fever

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7
Q

Clinical feature of this disease

Enlargement and tenderness of the regional cervical lymph nodes

A

Scarlet fever

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8
Q

3 clinical features of scarlet fever

A
  1. Incubation period is 3-5 days
  2. Severe pharyngitis and tonsillitis, headache, chills, fever, abdominal pain and vomiting
  3. Enlargement and tenderness of the regional cervical lymph node
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9
Q

Characteristic sign: diffused, bright, scarlet-skin rash appears on the second or third day of illness

A

Scarlet fever

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10
Q

Oral manifestation of scarlet fever

A

Forchheimer spots

Strawberry tongue

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11
Q

Oral manifestatin of scarlet fever

Small punctate red macules may appear on the hard and soft palate and uvula

A

Forchheimer spots

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12
Q

Oral manifestatin of scarlet fever

White coating and the fungiform papillae are edematous and hyperemic, projecting above the surface as small red knobs

A

Strawberry tongue

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13
Q

What is the prevention of scarlet fever

A

None

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14
Q

What disease:
Administration of antibiotics like penicillin, dicloxacillin and cephalexin will ameliorate the disease and also helps in controlling possible complications

A

Scarlet fever

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15
Q

Local applications that can be used to relive discomfort in scarlet fever

A

Mupirocin topical ointment

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16
Q

An acute, life threatening, infectious, and communicable disease of the skin and mucous membrane caused by toxemic strain of corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Diptheria

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17
Q

Bacteria etiology of diptheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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18
Q

Mode of transmission of diptheria

A

Respiratory droplets, direct skin contact or combination of both

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19
Q

Characterized by local inflammation and the formation of a grayish adherent pseudomembrane, which bleeds on removal

A

Diptheria

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20
Q

Kang kinsa ni nga pathogenesis

Air-borne mode of transmission and localizes in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract

A

Diptheria

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21
Q

Kang kinsa ni nga pathogenesis

Toxins induce initial edema and hyperemia followed by epithelial necrosis and acute inflammation

A

Diptheria

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22
Q

Kang kinsa ni nga pathogenesis

Coagulation of the fibrin and purulent exudates produce pseudomembrane and the inflammatory reaction accompanied by vascular congestion extends into the underlying tissues

A

Diptheria

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23
Q

Kang kinsa ni nga pathogenesis

Pseudomembrane consists of dead cells, leukocytes, erythrocytes and bacteria

A

Diptheria

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24
Q

If C. Diphtheriae in the respiratory tract is POSITIVE = ????????

A

Diptheria case

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25
Q

If C. Diphtheriae in the respiratory tract is NEGATIVE = ????????

A

Diptheria carrier

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26
Q

Clinical features of diptheria

Incubatio period

A

2-5 days (up to 8 days)

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27
Q

Clinical feature of ___

Wash-leather, elevated grayish-green membrane with a well-defined edge surrounded by acute inflammation

A

Diptheria

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28
Q

Spread of infection of diptheria

A

Either upward or downward

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29
Q

Clinical feature of ___

Gradual onset: fever, sore throat, weakness, dysphagia, headache, and change of voice

A

Diptheria

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30
Q

What do you call the swelling of the neck and tender enlargement of the lymph node in diptheria

A

Bull neck

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31
Q

Conjunctivitis
Pharyngeal membrane
Bull neck
Severe myocarditis
All vaccines contraindiacted

A

Diptheria

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32
Q

Pathogenesis

  1. Disruptio of mucosal barrier -> invasion of bacteria
  2. Initial acute inflammation -> chronic indolent phase
  3. Lesions: single of multiple indurations
  4. Central fluctuance with pus containing neutrophils and sulphur granules
  5. Woody characteristic fibrous wall
A

Actinomycosis

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33
Q

Most common form of actinomycosis, which greatly interest the dentist

A

Cervicofacial

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34
Q

Features of cervicofacial of actinomycois

A
  1. These soft tissue swellings eventually develop into one or more abscesses
  2. The skin overlying the abscess is purplish red, indurated and has the feel of wood or often fluctuan
  3. Common for the sinus through which the abscess has drained to heal
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35
Q

Extremely serious form of cervicofacial

A

Abdominal

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36
Q

Fever, chills and productive cough of cervicofacial

A

Pulmonary

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37
Q

Hstologic feature

Granulomatous one showing central abscess formation within which may be seen the characteristic colonies of microorganisms.

A

Actinomycosis

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38
Q

Histologic feature

There colonies appear to be floating in a sea of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, often associated with multinucleated giant cells and macrophages particularly around the periphery of the lesion

A

Actinomycosis

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39
Q

Term used in the peculiar appearance of the colonies with the peripheral radiating filaments of actinomycois

A

Ray fungus

Tissue surrounding the lesion exhibits fibrosis

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40
Q

Diagnosis of actinomycosis

A

Does not depend upon clinical findings but also upon their culture

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41
Q

Treatment and prognosis of actinomycosis

A

Incision and drainage

Long term high dose of penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin have been used most frequently

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42
Q

“ lock jaw “

A

Tetanus

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43
Q

Acute infection of the nervous system characterized by intense activity of motor neurons and results in severe muscle spasm

A

Tetanus

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44
Q

Bacteria of tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

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45
Q

It occurs sporadically and almost always affects non immunized persons, partially immunized and even, less often, fully immunized individuals

A

Tetanus

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46
Q

Mortality rate of tetanus

A

80-90%

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47
Q

Usually occurs after acute injuries such as laceration or abrasion. It may be acquired during farming, gardening, etc.

A

Tetanus

48
Q

Incubation period of tetanus

A

3 days to 4 weeks

49
Q

Lock jaw or trismus due to spasm of masseter

A

Tetanus

50
Q

Dysphagia, stiffness or pain the neck, shoulder or back muscles appear concurrently

A

Tetanus

51
Q

Contraction of facial muscles results in a grimace or sneer called as risus sardonicus

A

Tetanus

52
Q

Contraction of muscles of the back produces an arched back called opisthotonus

A

Tetanus

53
Q

Contraction of facial muscles results in a grimace or sneer called as____

A

Risus sardonicus

54
Q

Contraction of muscle of the back produces an arched back called ___

A

Opisthotonus

55
Q

Treatment of tetanus

A

Remove spores at the site of the wound

Neutralize unbound toxins and prevent muscular spams

Penicillin 10-12 million units IV for 10 days. Metronidazole 1gm every 12 hours should be administered

56
Q

Alternative treatment for penicillin allergic patients in tetanus

A

Clindamycin or erythromycin

57
Q

Treatment for unimmunized individuals who had tetanus

A

Anti0tetanus serum 1500 units or TIG 250 units should be given

58
Q

“Leus”

A

Syphilis

59
Q

Bacteria of syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

60
Q

Characterized by episodes of active disease interrupted by the period of latency

A

Syphilis

61
Q

Route of transmission of syphilis

A

Sexual contact and vertical transmission

62
Q

Genital ulcers associated with primary syphilis, are associated with an increased risk of HIV infection

A

Syphilis

63
Q

Contracted primarily as a venereal disease, after sexual interaction with an infected partner

A

Acquired syphilis

64
Q

“Chancre”

A

Acquired syphilis: primary stage

65
Q

Develops at the site of inoculation approximately 3-90 days after contact with the infection; usually solitary but may be multiple

A

Acquired syphilis: primary stage

66
Q

The intraoral chancre is an ulerated lesion covered by a grayish-white membrane, which may be painful because of secondary infection

A

Acquired syphilis: primary stage

67
Q

Six weeks after primary syphilis lesion

Characterized by diffuse eruptions of the skin and mucous membranes

A

Acquired syphilis : secondary stage

68
Q

Explosive and wide spread form of acquired syphilis: secondary stage

A

Lues maligna

69
Q

Explosive and wide spread form of acquired syphilis: secondary stage

A

Lues maligna

70
Q

Characterized by fever, headache, and muscle pain followed by necrotic ulceration involving the face and the scalp

Latent stage 1-30 years

A

Acquired syphilis: secondary stage

71
Q

Involves chiefly the cardiovascular system, the CNS and certain other tissues and organs ( non infectious state )

A

Acquired syphilis: tertiary stage

72
Q

Lesion: Gumma-focal, granulomatous inflammatory process with central necrosis

Palate: firm nodular mass, ulcerate painless ulcer

Tongue: fissured and hyperkeratotic

30% incidence of malignant transformation

A

Acquired syphilis: tertiary stage

73
Q

What is the hutchinson’s triad

A
  1. Hutchinson’s teeth (notched, small, widely spaced teeth)
  2. Eight nerve deafness
  3. Interstitial keratitis
74
Q

Clinical features of congenital prenatal syphilis

A

Hutchinsons triad:

  1. Hutchinson’s teeth
  2. Eight nerve deafness
  3. Interstitial keratitis
75
Q

“Cancrum oris, gangrenous stomatitis”

A

Noma

76
Q

Rapidly spreading multilating, gangrenous stomattis that occurs usually in debilitated or nutritionally deficient persons associated with high morbidity and mortality

It is a secondary complication of systemic disease rather than a primary disease

A

Noma

77
Q

Initial site of noma

A

Area of stagnation around a fixed bridge or crown

78
Q

Clinical features of noma

A

Stagnation around a fixed bridge or crown

Overlying skin is inflamed, edematous and finally necrotic

Blackening appearance

Extremely foul odor

79
Q

Treatment

Any existing malnutrition and other primary disease

Defect repair: surgery or prosthesis

A

Noma

80
Q

A variant of TB which does not respond to on or more of gthe antituberculous drugs is knows as a multidrug resistant TB (MDR TB)

A

Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB)

81
Q

Rare for of MDR TB which is resistant to almost all type of antituberculius drugs

A

Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis

82
Q

Treatment of tuberculosis

A

Multiple drug therapy

Isoniazid combined with rifampicin for nine month

or

isoniazid, rifampicin and Pyrazinamide for two month followed by INH and rifampicin for two month

83
Q

Hansen’s disease

A

Leprosy

84
Q

A chronic granulomatous infection caused by mycobacterium leprae

A

Leprosy

85
Q

It multiplies very slowly and the incubation period is about five years. It may take as long as 20 years for the symptoms to develop

A

Leprosy

86
Q

The only bacterium to infect peripheral nerve

And it grows best in coller tissues

A

Leprosy

87
Q

Is an obligate intracellular, gram-positive, acid-fast bacillus

A

Mycobacterium leprae

88
Q

Highest prevelance disease and most cases of leprosy

A

Highest disease prevelance = africa
Most cases = asia

89
Q

Clinical feature of leprosy

A. Single or multiple macular, erythematous eruptions with dermal nerve and peripheral nerve trunk involvement = loss of sensation

B. Accompanied with loss of sweating in affected areas

A

Tuberculoid type of leprosy

90
Q

Clinical feature of leprosy

A. Hypopigmented patches, partial or total loss of cutaneous sensation in affected areas

A

Lepromatous type of leprosy

91
Q

Oral manifestation of leprosy

A

Lepromas

92
Q

Gingival hyperplasia with loosening of the teeth

Paralysis of facial and maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

Dental manifestatin is described as odontodysplasia leprosa

A

Oral manifestation of leprosy

93
Q

Dental manifestation of leprosy

A

Odontodysplasia leprosa

94
Q

Treatment of leprosy

A

Specfic long term chemotherapy

MDT of rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine

95
Q

A chronic granulomatous suppurative and fiborsing disease caused by anaerobic or microaerophilic gram-positive nonacid fast, branched filamentous bacteria

A

Actinomycosis

96
Q

Most of the species isolated from actinomycotic lesions are:

A

A. Israelii
A. Viscosus
A. Odontolyticus
A. Naeslundii
A. Meyeri

97
Q

Microorganism of actinomycosis have been identified in

A

Dental plaque
Dental calculus
Necroic pulp
Tonsils

98
Q

Peak incidence age of actinomycosis

A

Middle age

99
Q

Howdo you decrease actinomycosis

A

Improve oral hygiene and availability of antibiotics

100
Q

This false membrane is grayish-green, thick, and fibrinous, and is composed of dead cells, leukocytes and bacteria overlying necrotic, ulcerated areas of the mucosa etnds to be adherent and leaves a bleeding surface if stripped away

A

Diptheria: oral manifestation

Patch diptheritic membrane

101
Q

This membrane is asymmetric and extends to involve the tonsils, soft palate and tongue, lips, gingiva, buccal mucosa and site of erupting teeth

A

Diptheria: oral manifestation

Patchy diphtheritic membtane

102
Q

Palatal paralysis of diptheria: __ to __ week of disease

A

3rd to 4th week

103
Q

In diptheria

Disease complication: Cardiovascular and nervous system as result of toxemia = ?

A

Myocarditis and polyneuritis

104
Q

In TB, this also affects animals like cattle and is knownas ___ TB

A

Bovine tuberculosis

105
Q

The interacion of the bacilli and the host begins when droplet nuclei from infectious patients are inhaled

A

Tuberculosis

106
Q

Central part lesion of tuberculosis contains caseous, soft and cheesy necrotic material

A

(Undergo calcification -> ranne complex)

107
Q

Initial stage of tb

A

2-4 weeks

108
Q

Episodic fever and chills, but easy fatigability and malaise, gradual loss of weight accompanied by a persistent cough with or without associated hemoptysis

A

Tuberculosis

109
Q

Primary TB is usually seen in ____ ; ____?

A

Children; asymptomatic

110
Q

Apple jelly nodules

A

Lupus vulgaris (TB)

111
Q

A. Notoriously persistent disease
B. Pappular nodules, which frequently ulcerate
C. Common on the face, but may occur anywhere

A

Tuberculosis

112
Q

Later stage of tuberculosis

A

Tuberculous osteomyelitis

113
Q

May occur at any site on the oral mucosa membrane, but the tongue is most commonly affected, followed by the palate, lips, buccal mucosa, gingiva and frenula

A

Tuberculosis: Oral manifestation

114
Q

Histologic appearance is due to the cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction

Formation of granuloma exhibiting foci of caseous necrosis surrounded by epithelioid cells, lymphocytes and occasional multi nucleated giant cells

A

Tuberculosis: histologic features

115
Q

Gold standard for diagnosing TB

A

Acid fast bacilli in sputum smear

Oral Path Finals (6 decks)

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