Bacterial Infection Flashcards
1
Q
Scarlatina
A
Scarlet fever
2
Q
A contagious systemic infection occurring predominantly in children
A
Scarlet fever
3
Q
Bacterial etiology of scarlet fever
A
Streptococcus pyogenes: pyrogenic exotoxin
4
Q
Scarlet fever is similar to ___ and ____ caused by streptococci
A
Acute tonsillitis
Pharyngitis
5
Q
Incubation period of scarlet fever
A
3-5 days
6
Q
Clinical feature of this disease
Severe pharyngitis and tonsillitis, headache, chills, fever, abdominal pain and vomiting
A
Scarlet fever
7
Q
Clinical feature of this disease
Enlargement and tenderness of the regional cervical lymph nodes
A
Scarlet fever
8
Q
3 clinical features of scarlet fever
A
- Incubation period is 3-5 days
- Severe pharyngitis and tonsillitis, headache, chills, fever, abdominal pain and vomiting
- Enlargement and tenderness of the regional cervical lymph node
9
Q
Characteristic sign: diffused, bright, scarlet-skin rash appears on the second or third day of illness
A
Scarlet fever
10
Q
Oral manifestation of scarlet fever
A
Forchheimer spots
Strawberry tongue
11
Q
Oral manifestatin of scarlet fever
Small punctate red macules may appear on the hard and soft palate and uvula
A
Forchheimer spots
12
Q
Oral manifestatin of scarlet fever
White coating and the fungiform papillae are edematous and hyperemic, projecting above the surface as small red knobs
A
Strawberry tongue
13
Q
What is the prevention of scarlet fever
A
None
14
Q
What disease:
Administration of antibiotics like penicillin, dicloxacillin and cephalexin will ameliorate the disease and also helps in controlling possible complications
A
Scarlet fever
15
Q
Local applications that can be used to relive discomfort in scarlet fever
A
Mupirocin topical ointment
16
Q
An acute, life threatening, infectious, and communicable disease of the skin and mucous membrane caused by toxemic strain of corynebacterium diphtheriae
A
Diptheria
17
Q
Bacteria etiology of diptheria
A
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
18
Q
Mode of transmission of diptheria
A
Respiratory droplets, direct skin contact or combination of both
19
Q
Characterized by local inflammation and the formation of a grayish adherent pseudomembrane, which bleeds on removal
A
Diptheria
20
Q
Kang kinsa ni nga pathogenesis
Air-borne mode of transmission and localizes in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract
A
Diptheria
21
Q
Kang kinsa ni nga pathogenesis
Toxins induce initial edema and hyperemia followed by epithelial necrosis and acute inflammation
A
Diptheria
22
Q
Kang kinsa ni nga pathogenesis
Coagulation of the fibrin and purulent exudates produce pseudomembrane and the inflammatory reaction accompanied by vascular congestion extends into the underlying tissues
A
Diptheria
23
Q
Kang kinsa ni nga pathogenesis
Pseudomembrane consists of dead cells, leukocytes, erythrocytes and bacteria
A
Diptheria
24
Q
If C. Diphtheriae in the respiratory tract is POSITIVE = ????????
A
Diptheria case
25
If C. Diphtheriae in the respiratory tract is NEGATIVE = ????????
Diptheria carrier
26
Clinical features of diptheria
Incubatio period
2-5 days (up to 8 days)
27
Clinical feature of ___
Wash-leather, elevated grayish-green membrane with a well-defined edge surrounded by acute inflammation
Diptheria
28
Spread of infection of diptheria
Either upward or downward
29
Clinical feature of ___
Gradual onset: fever, sore throat, weakness, dysphagia, headache, and change of voice
Diptheria
30
What do you call the swelling of the neck and tender enlargement of the lymph node in diptheria
Bull neck
31
Conjunctivitis
Pharyngeal membrane
Bull neck
Severe myocarditis
All vaccines contraindiacted
Diptheria
32
Pathogenesis
1. Disruptio of mucosal barrier -> invasion of bacteria
2. Initial acute inflammation -> chronic indolent phase
3. Lesions: single of multiple indurations
4. Central fluctuance with pus containing neutrophils and sulphur granules
5. Woody characteristic fibrous wall
Actinomycosis
33
Most common form of actinomycosis, which greatly interest the dentist
Cervicofacial
34
Features of cervicofacial of actinomycois
1. These soft tissue swellings eventually develop into one or more abscesses
2. The skin overlying the abscess is purplish red, indurated and has the feel of wood or often fluctuan
3. Common for the sinus through which the abscess has drained to heal
35
Extremely serious form of cervicofacial
Abdominal
36
Fever, chills and productive cough of cervicofacial
Pulmonary
37
Hstologic feature
Granulomatous one showing central abscess formation within which may be seen the characteristic colonies of microorganisms.
Actinomycosis
38
Histologic feature
There colonies appear to be floating in a sea of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, often associated with multinucleated giant cells and macrophages particularly around the periphery of the lesion
Actinomycosis
39
Term used in the peculiar appearance of the colonies with the peripheral radiating filaments of actinomycois
Ray fungus
Tissue surrounding the lesion exhibits fibrosis
40
Diagnosis of actinomycosis
Does not depend upon clinical findings but also upon their culture
41
Treatment and prognosis of actinomycosis
Incision and drainage
Long term high dose of penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin have been used most frequently
42
“ lock jaw “
Tetanus
43
Acute infection of the nervous system characterized by intense activity of motor neurons and results in severe muscle spasm
Tetanus
44
Bacteria of tetanus
Clostridium tetani
45
It occurs sporadically and almost always affects non immunized persons, partially immunized and even, less often, fully immunized individuals
Tetanus
46
Mortality rate of tetanus
80-90%
47
Usually occurs after acute injuries such as laceration or abrasion. It may be acquired during farming, gardening, etc.
Tetanus
48
Incubation period of tetanus
3 days to 4 weeks
49
Lock jaw or trismus due to spasm of masseter
Tetanus
50
Dysphagia, stiffness or pain the neck, shoulder or back muscles appear concurrently
Tetanus
51
Contraction of facial muscles results in a grimace or sneer called as risus sardonicus
Tetanus
52
Contraction of muscles of the back produces an arched back called opisthotonus
Tetanus
53
Contraction of facial muscles results in a grimace or sneer called as____
Risus sardonicus
54
Contraction of muscle of the back produces an arched back called ___
Opisthotonus
55
Treatment of tetanus
Remove spores at the site of the wound
Neutralize unbound toxins and prevent muscular spams
Penicillin 10-12 million units IV for 10 days. Metronidazole 1gm every 12 hours should be administered
56
Alternative treatment for penicillin allergic patients in tetanus
Clindamycin or erythromycin
57
Treatment for unimmunized individuals who had tetanus
Anti0tetanus serum 1500 units or TIG 250 units should be given
58
“Leus”
Syphilis
59
Bacteria of syphilis
Treponema pallidum
60
Characterized by episodes of active disease interrupted by the period of latency
Syphilis
61
Route of transmission of syphilis
Sexual contact and vertical transmission
62
Genital ulcers associated with primary syphilis, are associated with an increased risk of HIV infection
Syphilis
63
Contracted primarily as a venereal disease, after sexual interaction with an infected partner
Acquired syphilis
64
“Chancre”
Acquired syphilis: primary stage
65
Develops at the site of inoculation approximately 3-90 days after contact with the infection; usually solitary but may be multiple
Acquired syphilis: primary stage
66
The intraoral chancre is an ulerated lesion covered by a grayish-white membrane, which may be painful because of secondary infection
Acquired syphilis: primary stage
67
Six weeks after primary syphilis lesion
Characterized by diffuse eruptions of the skin and mucous membranes
Acquired syphilis : secondary stage
68
Explosive and wide spread form of acquired syphilis: secondary stage
Lues maligna
69
Explosive and wide spread form of acquired syphilis: secondary stage
Lues maligna
70
Characterized by fever, headache, and muscle pain followed by necrotic ulceration involving the face and the scalp
Latent stage 1-30 years
Acquired syphilis: secondary stage
71
Involves chiefly the cardiovascular system, the CNS and certain other tissues and organs ( non infectious state )
Acquired syphilis: tertiary stage
72
Lesion: Gumma-focal, granulomatous inflammatory process with central necrosis
Palate: firm nodular mass, ulcerate painless ulcer
Tongue: fissured and hyperkeratotic
30% incidence of malignant transformation
Acquired syphilis: tertiary stage
73
What is the hutchinson’s triad
1. Hutchinson’s teeth (notched, small, widely spaced teeth)
2. Eight nerve deafness
3. Interstitial keratitis
74
Clinical features of congenital prenatal syphilis
Hutchinsons triad:
1. Hutchinson’s teeth
2. Eight nerve deafness
3. Interstitial keratitis
75
“Cancrum oris, gangrenous stomatitis”
Noma
76
Rapidly spreading multilating, gangrenous stomattis that occurs usually in debilitated or nutritionally deficient persons associated with high morbidity and mortality
It is a secondary complication of systemic disease rather than a primary disease
Noma
77
Initial site of noma
Area of stagnation around a fixed bridge or crown
78
Clinical features of noma
Stagnation around a fixed bridge or crown
Overlying skin is inflamed, edematous and finally necrotic
Blackening appearance
Extremely foul odor
79
Treatment
Any existing malnutrition and other primary disease
Defect repair: surgery or prosthesis
Noma
80
A variant of TB which does not respond to on or more of gthe antituberculous drugs is knows as a multidrug resistant TB (MDR TB)
Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB)
81
Rare for of MDR TB which is resistant to almost all type of antituberculius drugs
Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis
82
Treatment of tuberculosis
Multiple drug therapy
Isoniazid combined with rifampicin for nine month
or
isoniazid, rifampicin and Pyrazinamide for two month followed by INH and rifampicin for two month
83
Hansen’s disease
Leprosy
84
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy
85
It multiplies very slowly and the incubation period is about five years. It may take as long as 20 years for the symptoms to develop
Leprosy
86
The only bacterium to infect peripheral nerve
And it grows best in coller tissues
Leprosy
87
Is an obligate intracellular, gram-positive, acid-fast bacillus
Mycobacterium leprae
88
Highest prevelance disease and most cases of leprosy
Highest disease prevelance = africa
Most cases = asia
89
Clinical feature of leprosy
A. Single or multiple macular, erythematous eruptions with dermal nerve and peripheral nerve trunk involvement = loss of sensation
B. Accompanied with loss of sweating in affected areas
Tuberculoid type of leprosy
90
Clinical feature of leprosy
A. Hypopigmented patches, partial or total loss of cutaneous sensation in affected areas
Lepromatous type of leprosy
91
Oral manifestation of leprosy
Lepromas
92
Gingival hyperplasia with loosening of the teeth
Paralysis of facial and maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
Dental manifestatin is described as odontodysplasia leprosa
Oral manifestation of leprosy
93
Dental manifestation of leprosy
Odontodysplasia leprosa
94
Treatment of leprosy
Specfic long term chemotherapy
MDT of rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine
95
A chronic granulomatous suppurative and fiborsing disease caused by anaerobic or microaerophilic gram-positive nonacid fast, branched filamentous bacteria
Actinomycosis
96
Most of the species isolated from actinomycotic lesions are:
A. Israelii
A. Viscosus
A. Odontolyticus
A. Naeslundii
A. Meyeri
97
Microorganism of actinomycosis have been identified in
Dental plaque
Dental calculus
Necroic pulp
Tonsils
98
Peak incidence age of actinomycosis
Middle age
99
Howdo you decrease actinomycosis
Improve oral hygiene and availability of antibiotics
100
This false membrane is grayish-green, thick, and fibrinous, and is composed of dead cells, leukocytes and bacteria overlying necrotic, ulcerated areas of the mucosa etnds to be adherent and leaves a bleeding surface if stripped away
Diptheria: oral manifestation
Patch diptheritic membrane
101
This membrane is asymmetric and extends to involve the tonsils, soft palate and tongue, lips, gingiva, buccal mucosa and site of erupting teeth
Diptheria: oral manifestation
Patchy diphtheritic membtane
102
Palatal paralysis of diptheria: __ to __ week of disease
3rd to 4th week
103
In diptheria
Disease complication: Cardiovascular and nervous system as result of toxemia = ?
Myocarditis and polyneuritis
104
In TB, this also affects animals like cattle and is knownas ___ TB
Bovine tuberculosis
105
The interacion of the bacilli and the host begins when droplet nuclei from infectious patients are inhaled
Tuberculosis
106
Central part lesion of tuberculosis contains caseous, soft and cheesy necrotic material
(Undergo calcification -> ranne complex)
107
Initial stage of tb
2-4 weeks
108
Episodic fever and chills, but easy fatigability and malaise, gradual loss of weight accompanied by a persistent cough with or without associated hemoptysis
Tuberculosis
109
Primary TB is usually seen in ____ ; ____?
Children; asymptomatic
110
Apple jelly nodules
Lupus vulgaris (TB)
111
A. Notoriously persistent disease
B. Pappular nodules, which frequently ulcerate
C. Common on the face, but may occur anywhere
Tuberculosis
112
Later stage of tuberculosis
Tuberculous osteomyelitis
113
May occur at any site on the oral mucosa membrane, but the tongue is most commonly affected, followed by the palate, lips, buccal mucosa, gingiva and frenula
Tuberculosis: Oral manifestation
114
Histologic appearance is due to the cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction
Formation of granuloma exhibiting foci of caseous necrosis surrounded by epithelioid cells, lymphocytes and occasional multi nucleated giant cells
Tuberculosis: histologic features
115
Gold standard for diagnosing TB
Acid fast bacilli in sputum smear
