Bacterial Diseases Flashcards
What is Bacillus anthracite and its two life stages?
Anthrax
Vegetative: inside bodies; causes diseases
Spore: in environment; dormant/does not cause disease
What does sporulation require? What are spores?
-poor nutrients
- presence of o2
-very resistant
-survive for decades
- taken up by host and germinate
What is cutaneous anthrax?
- 95% of all cases globally
- incubation: 2-3 days
-Spores enter body thru open wound - fatality rate 20%
- untreated- sptecimia and death
What is gastrointestinal anthrax?
- incubation: 2-5 days
-consumption of undercooked or contaminated meat
-fatality rate: 25-75%
-GI anthrax not documented in the US
What is inhalation Anthrax?
-incubation 1-7 days
-initial phase: mild fever, not specific
Second phase: 2-3 days; severe respiratory distress, death in 24-36 hours
- fatality 95% untreated
How to diagnose anthrax in humans?
- blood, skin, secretions
-culture
-pcr
-nasal swab
-Blood test (too late)
-treatment: 60 days on antibiotics
What occupations are at risk for anthrax?
-tanneries
-textile mills
-wool sorter
-bone processors
-slaughter house
-labs
-vet staff
-mail handler
-military
-emergency response teams
Who gets anthrax vaccines?
-at rush groups; military, travelers
-5 injections over 18 week period
-annual booster
How to tell if an animal has anthrax poisoning?
-bacteria present non hemorrhage from mouth, nose, and anus
How do animals get anthrax?
-ingestion; most common in herbivores
-carnivores get it from eating contaminated meat
-inhalation
-cutaneous; insects
Animal symptoms of anthrax? (Ruminants, equids, pigs, carnivores)
- tremors, asphyxiations, bloody discharges from orifices, bloat (sudden, violent death)
-insect bites, fever, anorexia, colic, bloody diarrhea, swelling in neck, dyspnea, asphyxiation death (1-3 days)
-anorexia, vomiting, throat swelling, asphyxiation death
-mostly resistant but; fever anorexia, necrosis GI, head/neck edema, asphyxiation death
Diagnosis and treatment of anthrax for animals?
-clinical signs, samples of blood
-antibiotics
-no necropsy spores spread!
-vaccines for livestock not pets
-vaccine for cheetah and rhino
Disease control for animal anthrax?
-must be reported
-contaminated area and animals must be buried and burned
-rest of Hurd must be quarantined, possibly treated and vaccinated
-abandon pasture
What is Listeria monocytogens? (Hosts, transmissions, animal/human clinical signs)
-mammals, birds, fish, insects, water, milk/cheese, feces, nasal discharge, soil, hay
- fecal to oral
- Animal: encephalitis, depression, in coordination, segregation, facial paralysis, abortion, mastitis, death
-Human: rarely get sick; flu like symptoms develop into confusion, in coordination, convulsions, meningitis, abortion
Diagnosis and treatment of Listeria?
-Human: culture blood, spinal fluid, aborted fetus, can culture suspect food source
-Animal: brain culture of deceased
-antibiotics
- cook meat, pasteurize, avoid soft cheeses and smoked meat, hygiene
Recent outbreak of Listeria in the US?
-2011
-contaminated cantaloupe
-147 sick
-33 died
What is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world?
Leptospirosis
What are the common hosts of Lepto?
-160 mammals and humans
-mainly: rodents, raccoons, skunks, squirrels, opossums, deer
What is the transmission of Lepto?
Urine via water, soil,food
Diagnoses/ treatment of Lepto?
- Human: flu like, complications, kidney, liver, heart, some recover without treatment, some cause critical illness
- Animal: pain, bloody urine, diarrhea, abortions, anemia, congestion
-serology
-antibiotics
-vaccines, hygiene
What is Brucella?
-very serious
-reproductive tract main source of infection
-bacteria can live 10 weeks in dust, soil, water
-4 species
What is B. Abortus?
- usually in cattle, can be in, bison, camels, deer, horses, sheep, humans,
-cause spontaneous abortions, testicular inflammation, arthritis
-transmission; ingestion, STD
What is B. Melitensis?
-sheep, goats
-late term abortions, mastitis
-ingestion
What is B. Suis?
-pigs
-spontaneous abortions, testicular inflammation
-ingestion, STD
What is B. Canis
-dogs
-late term abortions, puppy death, testicular inflammation, paralysis
-ingestion, STD
-cats are immune
What is Brucellosis in humans?
-unpasteurized products, direct contact, inhaling aerosol
-flu like symptoms, weight loss, fever that spikes at night, testicular inflammation, spontaneous abortions
-recovery is spontaneous over weeks or months
-death rare
Diagnosis/ treatment of Brucellosis?
-animal: serology, can’t treat
-human: blood or fluid culture, antibiotics
- not a problem in the US
Coxiella Burnetii in animals? (Q Fever)
-Hosts: cattle sheep, goats, dogs,cats, sometimes ticks
-birthing fluid, placenta, milk, urine, feces, inhalation, ingestion
-animals are mainly asymptomatic carriers
-abortions/difficult birth rare
What is Q fever in humans?
-infects half of those exposed
-flu like symptoms, confusion, hepatitis, endocarditis, acute of chronic
-serology
-antibiotics, anti malaria drugs
-no vaccine, practice good hygiene
What is Tuberculosis?
-#1 cause of death in the world
-US has good control other countries don’t
What is mycobacterium?
-tuberculosis
-aerosolized from lungs
-lungs main organ affected, other organs can be affected
-can be fatal
What is M. Tuberculosis?
- human reservoir/reverse zoonosis
-cough, fever, chest pain, bloody phlegm
-tb skin test
-education, testing, hygiene
What is M. Bovis?
-humans: ingestion of unpasteurized milk, raw cattle meat
-cutaneous cuts
-respiratory rare
-Animals: cattle main reservoir host
-ingestion, cutaneous scratches, aerosol, asymptomatic carriers occur
-symptoms vary between species:
*badgers can excrete it in urine and feces
*deer hunters need to be aware and safe
-skin tests in cattle/primates;serology
-antibiotics
-pasteurize, hygiene, education, surveillance programs