Bacterial Cytology Flashcards
Genetic material of prokaryotic cells
1 circular chromosome (Free floating)
no spindle fibers bc of this
genetic material of euukayotic cells
linear chromosomes, mitochondria, and chlorplasts
Prokaryotes have no
membrane bound organelles,
Eukaryotes membrane bound organelles
mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi bodies ER Vacuoles
Ribosomes in prokaryotes
free in cytoplasm, not membrane bound
Ribosomes in eukaryotes
on rough ER and larger than the prokaryotic cells
Ribosomes are the site of
protein synthesis
Locomotion of prokaryotes
flagella, flagellin
Locomotion of eukaryotes
flagella
tubulin
psuedopods
cilia
psuedopod
“false foot” found on macrophages
cilia is found where?
respiratory tract
plasma membrane on prokaryotes
have a lipid bilayer, (diff from eukaryotes not like steroids)
group translocation
active transport
plasma membranes on eukaryotic cells
sterols
phagocytosis (solid)
pinocytosis (liquid)
cell wall of a prokaryotic cell
peptidoglycan
this is a carb bound to a protein
reproduction on prokaryotic cells
binary fision. asexual
reproduction in eukaryotic cells
mitosis and mieosis
where does cellular respiration occur in prokaryotic cells?
plasma membrane
where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondria
cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cells
very little and simple
cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
complex internal stucture
3 general shapes of bacteria
Coccus
Bacillius
Spirals
Coccus shape
spherical, oval, elongated, or flattened on one side
bacillus
rod shaped cylindrical bacteria
coccobacillus
short and fat small in size
vibro
curved. bend rods, less ridged
spirals
one of more bends or twists, never straight
spirillum
curved rods fairly rigid
spirochete
helical rods with flexiable coils
diplococci
one plane
streptococci
one plane
staphylococci
multiple planes
sarcinae
3 planes (cube like packets of 8)
tetrads
2 planes (packets of 4)
diplobacilli
one plane
streptobacilli
one plane
palisades
one plane but cell of chain remain partially attached and snap back
monomorphic
single shaped
pleomorphic
many different morphological shapes
bacillius groupings
there are fewer groupings because they divide across their short axis
capsule
genetically controlled; colonies appeared mucoid
thick dense organized units (repeating units or organic chemicals firmly attached to cell surface)
normally a polysaccharide
slime layer
Genetically controlled
less tightly bound
polysaccharide + polypeptide
ex. dental plaque
slime layers influence on disease
promotes attachment and adheres to surface
IV- staph
psuedomonus
partially why antibiotics don’t work
Describe cell wall in prokaryotes
It differs from a cell wall in plants
Strong structural support
Made of two alternating sugars
Connected by peptides
Cell wall in prokaryotes is made out of
A polysaccharide with two alternating sugars connected by peptide
NAG (N-acetyl glucosamine)
NAM (N-acetyl muramjc acid)
(Cross/alternate)
Cell wall aids in
Identification
Positive vs negative
Biological activities of a cell wall
Site of action of antibiotics
May be associated with symptoms
Gram positive bacteria
90% peptidoglycan
Teichoic acid
Gram negative Bacteria
5-20% peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Peptidoglycan
Unique bacteria
Location of somatic (O) antigens
Important in gram stains
Teichoic acid
Binds magnesium to maintain high concentration in the cell envelope
Magnesium required for stability of cell membrane and enzymes
Outer membrane of a eukaryotes is composed of
Lipopolysacchride
Lipoprotein
Phospholipid
Protein
Outer membranes of eukaryotes are _____ to dyes and disinfectants
Impervious (major part of the gram test)
Purpose of an outer membrane
Blocks phagocytosis
Acts as a molecular sieve by preventing entrance of large molecules
If LPS layer is to is to humans than it is called a ____ and causes ____
Endotoxin
Fever, shock, inflammation and clotting
Periplasmic space
Reaction site for a varied pool of substance that enters and leaves the cell
Two types of cell walls
Natural forms
Artificially produced
Artificially produced cell walls
Due to long term expose of lysosomes or penicillin in isotonic solution that cause mutation
Artificially produced outer membranes are referred to as
L (lister forms)
Protoplasts
all cell wall is removed = gram positives
Spheroplasts
Parts of cell wall that was left behind
Protoplasts and spheroplast will burst in
Very dilute solutions if NaCl or sugar
Natural forms of cell walls
Mycoplasma
Contains sterols that make it resistant to lysis
Describe cytoplasm
Composed of carbs, lipids, inorganic ions, wastes
Building blocks for a source of energy
It is a thick aqueous semi transparent and elastic
Contains chromosomes ribosomes and granules
Describe the cytoskeleton
Internal network of protein polymers that are closely associated with the cell walls and stabilize shape
Describe cell membranes fuctions
Barrier between internal and external environment
Essential for survival of cell
Lacks sterols and is not as rigid as the cells of a eukaryotic cell
Describe structure of the cell membrane
Fluid mosaic model with globular proteins
Less rigid than eukaryotic cells that lack sterols
Cell membrane is the site of ______
regulates passage of nutrients inside and outside of cell
Active transport
Site of respiratory enzymes (prominante in gram + molecules)
Site of dna synthesis
describe pilli and fimbrae
hair like appendages that are shorter and straighter than flagella
not associated with movement
originate in cell movement
gram negatives
fimbrae
found at poles or are distributed evenly distributed over the surface of the cell
functions as organs of attachment to epithelial cells and biofilm
important to the infectious disease process
sex pili
tubules of pili
associated with conjuction between gram negative bacteria and mediated transfer
fertility factor (+ or -)
Inclusions or granules
storage bodies
not membranes bounds
may be found in chains
makes cytoplasm look granular
examples of inclusions or granules
gas vacuoles, magentosomes, sulfar granules
structures of ribosomes
found in polymer chains
make cytoplasm look granular
functions of ribsomes
protein synthesis
certain antibiotics work by binding to cytoplasm
nucleoid
no membrane, aggregated in area called nucleiod
Double stranded DNA
Extrachromosomal DNA are known as
plasmids and are not necessary for survival
DNA replicates _____
independently
5-100 genes may carry information regarding
antibiotic resistance
tolerance to toxic metals
production of toxins
synthesis of enzymes
define sporulation
process of forming a highly resistant endospore due to pH changes, nutrient depletion, high temperature, deisiccation
sporulation requires a large amount of
proteins and enzymes
sporulation is considered the most ____ of life
stable form
germination
return to vegetative state due to activation of endospore due to activation of endospore
strength of spore
diplocolinic acid +calcium
two examples of spore formers
C diff
Sporolactobacillus
sporosarcina
