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1 - Meat Micro > BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS > Flashcards

BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in ____ and _____

A

size and simplicity

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2
Q

reproduce by fission while some bacteria produce spores.

A

Archaea

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3
Q

consists of three RNA whereas bacteria consists of single RNA.

A

Archaea

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4
Q

can sustain in harsh environments which are extreme such as hot springs, oceans, gut of humans and Marshlands.

A

Archaea

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5
Q

are generally found in organic matter, soil, bodies of animals and plants, water, radioactive waste.

A

bacteria

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6
Q

is a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA.

A

Ribonucleic acid

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7
Q

is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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8
Q

determined by plane of division – determined by separation or not

A

arrangement

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8
Q

cocci and rods most common – various others

A

shape

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9
Q

varies

A

size

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10
Q

Shape and Arrangement-1

A
  • Cocci (s., coccus) – spheres
    – diplococci (s., diplococcus) – pairs
    – streptococci – chains
    – staphylococci – grape-like clusters
    – tetrads – 4 cocci in a square
    – sarcinae – cubic configuration of 8 cocc
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11
Q

Shape and Arrangement-2

A
  • bacilli (s., bacillus) – rods
    – coccobacilli – very short rods
  • vibrios – resemble rods, comma shaped
  • spirilla (s., spirillum) – rigid helices
  • spirochetes – flexible helices
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12
Q

Shape and Arrangement-3

A
  • mycelium – network of long, multinucleate filaments
  • pleomorphic – organisms that are variable in shape
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13
Q

Bacterial structure is considered at three levels

A
  1. Cell envelope proper: Cell wall and cell membrane.
  2. Cellular element enclosed with in the cell envelope: Mesosomes, ribosomes, nuclear apparatus, polyamies and cytoplasmic granules.
  3. Cellular element external to the cell envelope: Flagellum, Pilus and Glycocalyx.
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14
Q

Bacterial Cell Organization Common Features:

A

♦ Internal Structure
♦ Surface Structure
♦ Appendages

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15
Q

consists of a tangle of double-stranded DNA, not surrounded by a membrane and localized in the cytoplasm.

A

Nucleoid

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15
Q

DNA is stabilized by small polyamines and Mg ions and associated with histone-like proteins

A

Nucleoid

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15
Q

Bacterial DNA is Haploid.

A

Nucleoid

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16
Q

are small, circular, non-chromosomal, double-strand DNA molecules that are capable of self-replication.

A

Plasmids

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17
Q

There are five main types of plasmids:

A

a. Fertility plasmid
b. Col Plasmid
c. Resistance plasmid
d. Virulence Plasmids
e. Degradative Plasmids

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18
Q

Also known as F plasmid. It contains a transferred gene that allows genes to be transferred from one cell to another through conjugation.

A

Fertility plasmid

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19
Q

contains genes that help the bacteria cell defend against the environment, factors such as poisons or antibiotics.

A

Resistance plasmid

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19
Q

contains genes that make bacteriocins (also known as colicins), which are protein that kills other bacteria.

A

Col Plasmid

20
Q

When a _______ is inside a bacterium, it turns that bacterium into a pathogen, which is an agent of disease.

A

virulence plasmid

21
Q

help the host bacterium to digest compounds that are not commonly found in nature, such as camphor, xylene, toluene, and salicylic acid.

A

Degradative Plasmids

22
Q

are minute particles composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein.

A

Ribosomes

23
Q

contains a large number of solute low- and high-molecular weight substances, RNA and ribosomes.

A

cytoplasm

24
Q

is also frequently used to store reserve substances (glycogen depots, polymerized metaphosphates, lipids).

A

cytoplasm

25
Q

Also known as the plasma membrane.

A

cytoplasmic membrane

26
Q

It is basically a double layer of phospholipids with numerous proteins integrated into its structure. The most important of these membrane proteins are permeases, enzymes for the biosynthesis of the cell wall, transfer proteins for secretion of extracellular proteins, sensor or signal proteins, and respiratory chain enzymes.

A

cytoplasmic membrane

27
Q

The most Important Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane Proteins:

A
  • Permeases
  • Biosynthesis enzymes
  • Secretion system proteins
  • Sensor proteins (also known as signal proteins)
  • Respiratory chain enzymes
28
Q

Active transport of nutrients from outside to inside against a concentration gradient.

A

Permeases

29
Q

Required for biosynthesis of the cell wall (e.g., its murein)

A

Biosynthesis enzymes

30
Q

The secretion systems differing in structure and mode of action. Proteins are moved out of the cell with the help of these systems. The common feature of all systems is the formation of protein cylinders that traverse the cytoplasmic membrane and in Gram- negative bacteria, the outer cell wall membrane as well.

A

Secretion system proteins

31
Q

Transmit information from the cell’s environment into its interior.

A

Sensor proteins (also known as signal proteins)

32
Q

Occur in bacteria with aerobic metabolism.

A

Respiratory chain enzymes

33
Q

refers to that portion of the cell envelope that is external to the cytoplasmic membrane and internal to the capsule or glycocalyx.

A

cell wall

34
Q

is a complex polymer consisting of three parts: A backbone, composed of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid connected by β1→4 linkages;

A

Peptidoglycan

35
Q

This molecular complex is comprised of the lipid A, the core polysaccharide, and the O-specific polysaccharide chain.

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

36
Q

is the space between the inner and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria.

A

periplasm

37
Q

Is a network of polysaccharides that project from cellular surfaces of bacteria, found just outside the bacterial cell wall.

A

Glycocalyx

38
Q

is a well-defined structure of polysaccharide surrounding a bacterial cell and is external to the cell wall.

A

1.Capsule

39
Q

Refers to a loose network of polysaccharide fibrils that surrounds some bacterial cell walls.

A

2.Slime Layer

40
Q

are thread-like appendages consist of a basal body, hook, and a long filament composed of a polymerized protein called FLAGELLIN. They are the organs of locomotion for the forms that possess them.

A

Flagella

41
Q

Three types of arrangement are known:

A
  • monotrichous (single polar flagellum).
  • lophotrichous (multiple polar flagella).
  • peritrichous (flagella distributed over the entire cell).
42
Q

They are rigid surface appendages composed of structural protein subunits termed pilins. Minor proteins termed adhesins are located at the tips of pili and are responsible for the attachment properties.

A

Pili (Fimbriae)

43
Q

Two classes can be distinguished:

A

Ordinary pili and sex pili

44
Q

which play a role in the adherence of bacteria to host cells.

A

Ordinary pili

45
Q

which are responsible for the attachment of donor and recipient cells in bacterial conjugation.

A

Sex pili

46
Q

The spore is a resting cell, highly resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemical agents; when returned to favorable nutritional conditions and activated, the spore germinates to produce a single vegetative cell.

A

Endospores

47
Q

is an aggregate of interactive bacteria attached to a solid surface or to each other and encased in an exopolysaccharide matrix.

A

biofilm

48
Q

Appendages

A

Pili and flagella

49
Q

Are surrounded by complex envelope layers that differ in composition among the major groups.

A

Prokaryotic cells

50
Q

It is a double layer of phospholipids with numerous protein integrated in its structure

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

51
Q

Active transport of nutrients from outside to inside againsts a concentration gradient.

A

Permeases

52
Q

Internal structures

A

-nucleoid
-ribosomes
-storage granules
-endospore

53
Q

Surface structure

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Cell wall
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Plasma membrane

1 - Meat Micro (8 decks)

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