Bacterial and viral vaccines Flashcards
Which virus is the most contagious?
Measles
What are the 2 types of immunity?
Innate and acquired
What are the 2 types of acquired immunity?
Active and passive
What are the 2 types of active immunity?
Natural - Natural exposure to antigen
Artificial - Immunisation
What are the 2 types of passive immunity?
Natural - Maternal
Artificial. - From other sources
What is the R0 number?
The number of people a sick person will infect on average
What is herd immunity?
The percentage of fully vaccinated individuals required to stop the spread of disease
What is the main immunological target of vaccines?
Lymphocytes and antibody production
Explain the immune response
When antigen enters the body, they are taken up by APC, which present the antigens to t helper cells. The T cells activate B cells which either become plasma cells which produce antibodies or memory cells.
What are the different types of vaccines
Inactivated Live attenuated Toxicoid Subunit Conjugate Heterotypic Viral vectored Nucleic acid / mRNA or DNA
How does the Inactivated vaccine work?
Whole micro organism is destroyed
How does the live attenuated vaccine work?
Less virulent organism is used
How does the toxicoid vaccine work?
Inactivated toxic component used
How does the subunit vaccine work?
Protein component of the microorganism or synthetic virus like particles, lack viral genetic maternal and unable to replicate
How does the conjugate vaccine work?
Poorly immunogenic antigens (e.g. CHO) paired with protein that is highly immunogenic (adjuvant)
especially good against encapsulated organisms
How does the heterotypic vaccine work?
Pathogen that infects other animals but does not cause disease or causes mild disease in humans
How does the viral vectored vaccine work?
Uses modified virus to deliver genetic code for an antigen
What is the disadvantage of a viral vectored vaccine?
Previous exposure to vectors reduces its effectiveness
How does the nucleic acid vaccine work?
It had the RNA or DNA of the virus
What is an example of a viral vectored vaccine
Ebola
AZ Oxford covid vaccine
What is an example of a nucleic acid vaccine
Pfizer and Moderna COVID vaccine
What is an example of a heterotypic vaccine
BCG
What is an example of a conjugate vaccine
Haemophilius influenzae B
What is an example of a subunit vaccine
Hep B - uses recombinant Hep B surface antigen
HPV
What is an example of a toxicoid vaccine
tetanus
Diptheria
What is an example of an attenutated vaccine
MMR
Yellow fever
What is an example of a innactivated vaccine
Polio
Influenza
Cholera
What are the common components of vaccines
Active components Adjuvants Antibiotics Stabilisers Preservatives Trace components
What is a common adjuvant
Aluminium hydroxide
What do you need to look out for in the influenza vaccine?
Egg allergy
When is the first vaccine delivered in kids?
8 weeks
Next at 12 weeks
Next at 16 weeks
When should vaccines be administered?
BEFORE the age-related peak incidence of the disease
