Bacterial and viral vaccines

Question 1

Which virus is the most contagious?

Answer 1

Measles

Question 2

What are the 2 types of immunity?

Answer 2

Innate and acquired

Question 3

What are the 2 types of acquired immunity?

Answer 3

Active and passive

Question 4

What are the 2 types of active immunity?

Answer 4

Natural - Natural exposure to antigen

Artificial - Immunisation

Question 5

What are the 2 types of passive immunity?

Answer 5

Natural - Maternal

Artificial. - From other sources

Question 6

What is the R0 number?

Answer 6

The number of people a sick person will infect on average

Question 7

What is herd immunity?

Answer 7

The percentage of fully vaccinated individuals required to stop the spread of disease

Question 8

What is the main immunological target of vaccines?

Answer 8

Lymphocytes and antibody production

Question 9

Explain the immune response

Answer 9

When antigen enters the body, they are taken up by APC, which present the antigens to t helper cells. The T cells activate B cells which either become plasma cells which produce antibodies or memory cells.

Question 10

What are the different types of vaccines

Answer 10

Inactivated
Live attenuated 
Toxicoid 
Subunit 
Conjugate 
Heterotypic 
Viral vectored 
Nucleic acid / mRNA or DNA

Question 11

How does the Inactivated vaccine work?

Answer 11

Whole micro organism is destroyed

Question 12

How does the live attenuated vaccine work?

Answer 12

Less virulent organism is used

Question 13

How does the toxicoid vaccine work?

Answer 13

Inactivated toxic component used

Question 14

How does the subunit vaccine work?

Answer 14

Protein component of the microorganism or synthetic virus like particles, lack viral genetic maternal and unable to replicate

Question 15

How does the conjugate vaccine work?

Answer 15

Poorly immunogenic antigens (e.g. CHO) paired with protein that is highly immunogenic (adjuvant)

especially good against encapsulated organisms

Question 16

How does the heterotypic vaccine work?

Answer 16

Pathogen that infects other animals but does not cause disease or causes mild disease in humans

Question 17

How does the viral vectored vaccine work?

Answer 17

Uses modified virus to deliver genetic code for an antigen

Question 18

What is the disadvantage of a viral vectored vaccine?

Answer 18

Previous exposure to vectors reduces its effectiveness

Question 19

How does the nucleic acid vaccine work?

Answer 19

It had the RNA or DNA of the virus

Question 20

What is an example of a viral vectored vaccine

Answer 20

Ebola

AZ Oxford covid vaccine

Question 21

What is an example of a nucleic acid vaccine

Answer 21

Pfizer and Moderna COVID vaccine

Question 22

What is an example of a heterotypic vaccine

Answer 22

BCG

Question 23

What is an example of a conjugate vaccine

Answer 23

Haemophilius influenzae B

Question 24

What is an example of a subunit vaccine

Answer 24

Hep B - uses recombinant Hep B surface antigen

HPV

Question 25

What is an example of a toxicoid vaccine

Answer 25

tetanus

Diptheria

Question 26

What is an example of an attenutated vaccine

Answer 26

MMR

Yellow fever

Question 27

What is an example of a innactivated vaccine

Answer 27

Polio
Influenza
Cholera

Question 28

What are the common components of vaccines

Answer 28

Active components
Adjuvants 
Antibiotics 
Stabilisers 
Preservatives
Trace components

Question 29

What is a common adjuvant

Answer 29

Aluminium hydroxide

Question 30

What do you need to look out for in the influenza vaccine?

Answer 30

Egg allergy

Question 31

When is the first vaccine delivered in kids?

Answer 31

8 weeks

Next at 12 weeks

Next at 16 weeks

Question 32

When should vaccines be administered?

Answer 32

BEFORE the age-related peak incidence of the disease