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Biology: Topic 6 > Bacterial and Viral Infections > Flashcards

Bacterial and Viral Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term ‘pathogen’

A

A pathogen is any organism that causes disease.

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2
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through bodily fluids like blood

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3
Q

How does HIV infect the body?

A

It infects T helper cells and replicates inside them. This eventually destroys the cell.

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4
Q

How are viruses different to bacteria?

A
  1. Viruses are smaller than bacteria

2. Viruses do not have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm or ribosomes whereas bacteria does

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5
Q

How does HIV replicate inside the T helper cell?

A
  1. Glycoproteins bind to CD4 receptors on T helper cell membrane
  2. HIV fuses with host cell membrane
  3. Viral RNA is released into the T helper cell cytoplasm
  4. Reverse transcriptase is used to synthesise a complementary DNA strand from the viral RNA template
  5. Integrase integrates viral DNA into host cell DNA
  6. Viral proteins are produced from the DNA
  7. Viral proteins assemble to synthesise the new virus
  8. New virus bud out of cell and cell lyses
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6
Q

Describe the structure of bacteria.

A
  1. Circular DNA (floats free in cytoplasm)
  2. Ribosomes (70S)
  3. Cell wall
  4. Plasma membrane
  5. Slime capsule
  6. Some have plasmids, flagella and/or pili
  7. Mesosomes
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7
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

Allows the bacteria to move

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8
Q

What is the function of the pili?

A

Helps bacteria stick to other cells and can be used in gene transfer

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9
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small loops of DNA

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10
Q

What is the function of the slime capsule?

A

Acts as a protective layer against attack from immune system cells

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11
Q

What are mesosomes?

A

Folds in bacteria’s plasma membrane

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12
Q

What is the function of a bacteria cell wall?

A

Supports the cell

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13
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall made of?

A

Murein

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14
Q

What is the function of a bacterium’s ribosomes?

A

Produce proteins from mRNA

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15
Q

Describe the structure of HIV.

A
  1. Core of nucleic acids (RNA)
  2. Capsid
  3. Envelope
  4. GP120 (attachment glycoproteins)
  5. Reverse transcriptase and integrase
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16
Q

What is the capsid?

A

Protein coat around the core

17
Q

What is the envelope?

A

An extra outer layer stolen from previous host cell

18
Q

What is the function of the GP120 proteins?

A

They bind to CD4 receptors on T helper cells, allowing the virus to destroy the cell

Biology: Topic 6 (7 decks)

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