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Microbiology > Bacteria: Roles in Human Health > Flashcards

Bacteria: Roles in Human Health Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes sickness

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Process by which how pathogens cause diseases

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3
Q

What are the 5 questions you should ask about Pathogenesis?

A
  1. How did it get into the body?
  2. Which host cell does it interact?
  3. Which proteins does it bind to?
  4. How does it affect the immune system?
  5. What mechanism triggers the disease?
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4
Q

Infection

A

Replication of a pathogen in or on the host

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5
Q

Primary vs Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Primary: Those that readily causes diseases in healthy hosts

Opportunistic: Diseases that are caused in unusual locations or to immunocompromised hosts

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6
Q

Case

A

Infected person with symptoms of the disease

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7
Q

Asymptomatic

A

A person who doesn’t exhibit symptoms of diseases

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8
Q

Who is an example of being a Asymptomatic?

A

Typhoid Mary

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9
Q

Case-to-infection ratio:

A

Proportion of infected people who developed the disease

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10
Q

Virulence

A

Capacity of a pathogen to cause disease

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11
Q

How do pathogens cause diseases?

A
  1. Entry
  2. Attach/invade host
  3. Evade host defenses
  4. Obtain nutrients
  5. Exit
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12
Q

Name ways how pathogens can be spread through direct human contact.

A
  1. Blood
  2. Air
  3. Sex
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13
Q

Name ways how pathogens can be spread through indirect human contact.

A
  1. Food
  2. Water
  3. Fomite Objects
  4. Insect Bites
  5. Animals
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14
Q

Explain Virulence Factors

A

Molecules or behaviors by a pathogen that contributes to its pathogenicity

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15
Q

How is the Host Range determined for pathogens?

A

Group of organisms the pathogen is able to infect

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16
Q

What are the challenges of Virulence Factors of Pathogens?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration of intact skin
  3. Resisting antibacterial peptides
  4. Escaping antibodies
  5. Evading Phagocytes
17
Q

Molecules and Behaviors for intact skin

A

Molecules: None
Behaviors: Survive on skin and insect bites

18
Q

Molecules for resisting antibacterial peptides

A

Molecules: -charged LPS in outer membrane, peptidases, and counter proteins for peraurablizing effects of channels

19
Q

Molecules and Behaviors for escaping antibodies

A

Molecules: IgA proteases
Behaviors: Antigenic Variation and Camouflage with host proteins

20
Q

Molecules for evading phagocytes

A

Catalase

21
Q

A-B toxins are what?

A

Protein Subunits

22
Q

A does what?

A

Enzyme Active

23
Q

B does what?

A
  1. Binds to Membranes
  2. Specific Cell-Surface
  3. Cell Receptor induces endocytosis
24
Q

When A-B are internalized what happens?

A

2 protein subunit must escape the endosome to reach its cellular target

25
Q

Explain further what happens to A-B

A
  1. H+ pumps reduce eadosomal ph
  2. Acidification causes A-B to dissociate
    A. B forms channel
    B. A exits through the channel and enters the cytoplasm
26
Q

Botulinum Toxins explain the two ways how they can be deadly.

A 
1. Snare Proteins
A. Acetycholine secreted
B. Muscle Contraction
2. Snare Proteins
A. Acet. not secreted
B. Flaccid Paralysis
27
Q

Tetanus Toxins explain the two ways how they can be deadly.

A 
1. Synaotibrevin
A. Glycine or GABA secreted
B. Acet. not secreted
C. Muscle contraction halted
2. Synaotibrevin
A. Glycine or GABA not secreted
B. Acet. secreted
C. Spastic Paralysis
28
Q

Shiga Toxin explain how they can be deadly.

A
  1. rRNA to make protein synthesis

2. Not normal cannot do protein synthesis

29
Q

Cytolysins are what?

A

Enzymes that act on the host cell membrane

Ex: Lysis

30
Q

Cytolysins functions

A
  1. Pore-formation

2. Phospholipid degradation

31
Q

Endotoxins

A

Toxins that are part of Gram -cell membrane structure that induce inflammation of host cells.

32
Q

Most common endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

33
Q

How are endotoxins released and where are they found?

A

Lysis of the bacteria cell and toll-like receptors mammal cells

34
Q

What acid has very similar functions to endotoxins, but aren’t endotoxins?

A

Lipoteichoice acid

Microbiology (10 decks)

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