bacteria pt 2

Question 1

carbon source: organic

energy source: oxidation of organic compounds

Answer 1

• heterotrophic

Question 2

carbon source: CO2

energy source: oxidation of inorganic compounds

Answer 2

• autotrophic/chemolithotrophic

Question 3

carbon source: CO2

energy source: oxidation of organic compounds

Answer 3

• autotrophic chemoorganotrophic

Question 4

carbon source:CO2

energy source: sunlight

Answer 4

• photosynthetic/photolithotropic
• cyanobacteria
• photoorganotropic

Question 5

• bacteria that use glucose, lactose or mannitol

Answer 5

• s. aureus
• enterococcus
• enterobacter

Question 6

• bacteria that undergo fermentation

Answer 6

• lactobacillus
• candida albicans (ethonal)
• Enterobacter/e. coli (2,3 butanediol)

Question 7

aerobic respiration, final electron acceptor is..

Answer 7

O2

Question 8

anaerobic respiration, final electron acceptor is…

Answer 8

NO3, CO2

Question 9

total net ATP yield of aerobic respiration

Answer 9

36

Question 10

total net ATP yield of anaerobic respiration

Answer 10

3-34

Question 11

total net ATP yield of fermentation

Answer 11

2

Question 12

• grouping of bacteria based on metabolism rxns and carbon sources

Answer 12

biochemical testing

Question 13

• tests the ability to produce acidic metabolic products by oxidation or fementation, from a range of carbs
• color based
• can identify most groups of bacteria
• uses pyruvate

Answer 13

carbohydrate break down

Question 14

• test that uses catalase converts H202 to water and oxygen
• produces gas bubbles
• particularly useful to differentiate staphylococci positive from staphylococci neg
• enzyme presence or not

Answer 14

catalase production

Question 15

• test that uses coagulase to convertfibrinogen to fibrin clot
• media solidifies and formation of a clot
• differentiate s. aureus from less pathogenic staph

Answer 15

coagulase

Question 16

• tests that uses urease to convert urea to 2 molecules of NH3 and molecule of CO2
• increases in medium pH
• p. vulgaris and entericrods

Answer 16

urease production

Question 17

• tests for bacteria using different mechanisms for nitrate reduction
• detection of nitrite or N2 gas
• standard urinalysis test to detect presence of UTI

Answer 17

nitrate reduction

Question 18

• tests the ability of some bacteria to produce H2S from amino acids or other sulfur containing compounds
• black color of the sulfide salts formed w heavy metals such as iron added to the plate
• distinguishes between the gram negative rods

Answer 18

hydrogen sulfide

Question 19

when using a catalase test, strep tests:
and
staph tests:

Answer 19

• negative

- positive

Question 20

• biochemical aspects of antibiotic resistance

Answer 20

alters substrates or enzymes
- inactivation (via hydrolysis, group transfer, redox)
- target modification (peptidoglycan alters, protein structure interference, DNA synthesis interference)
efflux pumps and OM permeability changes
- target bypass

Question 21

• genetic aspects of antibiotic resistance

Answer 21

• mutations

- horizontal gene transfer via plasmind, transposons, integrons

Question 22

vertical transfer

Answer 22

• transfer to daughter cells

- chromosomal means

Question 23

horizontal transfer

Answer 23

• 2 adult cells sharing genetic infor w each other
• aka lateral
• by extrachromosomal techniques

Question 24

• mobile DNA that moves by cell to cell contact w transfer of plasmids or chromosomal genetic material

Answer 24

• conjugation

Question 25

• mobile DNA that moves by plasmid DNA entering the cell via bacteriophage infection

Answer 25

• transduction

Question 26

• mobile DNA that movies via uptake of enviromental DNA into bacterial cell and incorporation into genome

Answer 26

transformation

Question 27

• spontaneous mutations

- rarely leads to complete resitance but if mutationi s stable it results in rapid increase in # of mutants

Answer 27

• chromosomal mediated resitance

Question 28

• clinical importance, especially for gram neg rods (50%) of GI bacteria
• mediates multi-drug resistance
• high rate of transfer between cells

Answer 28

• plasmid resistance (conjugation)

Question 29

• transduction where phage mediated transfer of resistance genes, clinically significant for Gram pos staph
• transformation uptake of resistance transposon by a drug sensitive bacterium after lysis of a resistant bacteria, much less clinical significance

Answer 29

• transposon mediated resistance

Question 30

aminoglycosides inactivate drugs via…

Answer 30

• phosphorylation
• adenylation
• acetylation

Question 31

macrolides inactive drugs via

Answer 31

• erythromycin esterase

Question 32

2nd easiest mechanism of resistance to antibiotics involving gram neg porins and transport proteins (tetracyclines, quinolones, aminoglycosides)

Answer 32

• alteration of membrane permeability

Question 33

1st easiest, most common mechanism of resistance to antibiotics by removal of the drug used by tetracyclines, quinolones and macrolides

Answer 33

• efflux pumps