Bacteria Host Response: Inflammatory and Immunology Fundamentals Flashcards
The inflammatory process involved in the
development of gingivitis and periodontitis is
influenced by the ___ ____ of the
individual.
immune response
ongoing loss of clinical connective tissue attachment and alveolar and supporting bone
Periodontal Disease Activity
Possible Causes for Decrease in Host Response 7.
- Stress
- Chemotherapy
- Local Tissue Trauma
- Uncontrolled diabetes
- Leukemia
- Steroids
- AIDS
Bacteria Host-Challenge:
Bacteria in biofilm:
Early bacteria are what kinds?
Bacteria left alone? Sub-G
- Cocci and gram +
- Gram - and complex spir
Early Defense Mechanisms!
SupraG:
Gingival Crevice:
Gingival CT:
What do these contain
SupraG: Saliva contains antibacterial factors. Lysozyme, lactoferrine, lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, sIgA
Gingival Crevice: GCF- Outward flow cleansing the sulcus (outward flow during inflammation) oral epithelium, PMN wall
Gingival CT: IgG, IgM
Essentials of Immunity
Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
What do each include
Innate Immune System:
- Things everyone has automatically
- Skin, stomach acid, complement
- Natural Killer cells
Adaptive Immune System
- Specific to antigens
- B cells
- T cells
- Antigen presenting cells
- Phagocytes
B cells and T cells are the main mediators of the immune response. There are two types of each. Can you remember what they are?
B Cells
- Memory B Cells
- Plasma Cells
T Cells
- Helper T
- Cytotoxic T Cells
3 Phases of the Inflammatory Process
- Acute Transient Phase: characterized by local vasodilation and increased capillary permeability (histamine and prostaglandins); clinically we see gingival edema (swelling) and erythema (redness)
- Delayed subacute phase:
characterized by migration of
PMNs and other phagocytic cells into the tissue - Chronic Phase
characterized by TISSUE DESTRUCTION
When tissue is damaged or infected, this group of hormones will create the reactions that cause pain, fever and inflammation, which sparks the healing process. Prostaglandins also stimulate the formation of a blood clot and the contraction of the blood vessel wall when your body is bleeding.
Prostaglandinds
what are the 3 host cells that contribute to destruction
- Cytokines
- Prostaglandins
- Matrix Metalloproteinases
- Chemical controllers
- Produced by PMNs, macrophages, B cells,
epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts, and
osteoblasts - Recruit PMNs and macrophages to infection site
- Increase vascular permeability- allows better movement of immune cells and complement
-Can initiate tissue destruction*****
CYTOKINES
CAN INITIATE TISSUE DESTRUCTION! **
CYTOKINES OR PROSTAGLANDINS
CYTOKINES
- Biochemical mediators derived from fatty
acids - Produced by PMNs and macrophages
- Increase dilation and permeability of blood
vessels
-***** Trigger osteoclasts
Prostaglandins
- Biochemical mediators derived from fatty
acids - Produced by PMNs and macrophages
- Increase dilation and permeability of blood
vessels
-***** Trigger osteoclasts
Prostaglandins
- Family of enzymes produced by body cells
that break down connective tissue - Made by PMNs, macrophages, gingival
fibroblasts, and junctional epithelium cells - In health-> MMPs facilitate the normal
turnover of the periodontal connective
tissue matrix - In disease -> overproduction of MMPs
results in extensive collagen destruction
MMPs (Matrix Metalloproteinases)
What 6 are commonly found in perio … hint lots are cytokines
cytokine IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a,
Prostaglandin E-2
MMP Enzymes
PMNs (Neutrophils)
1st on scene explain
PMN: Neutrophil= 1st line of defense. Hallmark of acute inflammation. First cell called into action at the site of inflammation. phagocytic infantry
Phagocytosis: Phagocyte engulfs/captures the antigen; once captured, invader is degraded by lysosomes
Chemotaxis: Movement of cells in the direction of a chemical attractant
PMN wall protects epithelium, PMns also in injured tissues
neutrophil = “first line of defense,” “hallmark of acute inflammation;” first cell called into action at the site of inflammation; Phagocytic (infantry)
PMN
movement of cells in the direction of a chemical attractant
Chemotaxis
Depressed PMN function can lead to BIG problems. 7 Problems that are common
- Localized aggressive periodontitis
- Diabete Type I
- Chediak- Higashi syndrome
- Papillon-Lefevre Syndrom
- Drug Induced agranulocytosis
- Cyclic neutropenia
- Leukemia
- The other main phagocytic cell
- Monocyte (WBC) ->____
- Mostly in the inflamed CT, some continue
into gingival crevice - Release cytokines (Il-1 and TNF)
Macrophage
*** (antibodies or
complement) bind to bacteria so that they
are more easily identified
Think Mission Impossible: At the embassy, they spray the target with a liquid that identifies him to the team
Opsonization:
series of 20-30
plasma proteins that generate chemotactic
factors attracts PMNs, macrophages,
luekocytes; also directly kills and lyses
bacteria
Complement System
Immune Response:
After __ days, inflammation will become chronic.
When __ and __ alone are not enough->
Activation of the “specific host response” or adaptive immune system; same reactions and cells seem in inflammatory level, but more cells involved
2 parts to immune reaction: humoral immunity and ____ immunity
7 days
PMN and Macrophages
cellular
