Bacteria Flashcards
1
Q
All bacteria have what kind of wall?
A
Selectively permeable plasma membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan wall of varying thickness.
2
Q
What bacteria is the exception to the peptidoglycan wall and plasma membrane structure?
A
mycoplasma spp.
3
Q
What are the stages of the bacterial growth curve?
A
Lag Phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase
4
Q
What occurs during lag, log, stationary and death phase?
A
Lag: increased metabolic activty in prep for division
Log: exponential grwoth and division
Stationary phase: cell growth plateus as the number of cells balances the number of dying cells due to depeltion of nutrients
Death phase: exponential increase in cell death
5
Q
What are plasmids?
A
extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently within bacteria , they are not essential to viability but allow for bacteria to adapt
6
Q
What is transposition? what are transposons?
A
transfer of DNA within a bacterial cell via transposons
the transposons are portions of DNA that jump from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa
7
Q
Regardless the mode of exchange, DNA becomes integrated in the host cell chromosome by what?
A
Recombination
8
Q
What are three ways of genetic exchange for bacteria?
A
transformation
conjugation
transduction
9
Q
what occurs during transformation
A
DNA transfers from environment
DNA transfers via uptake
10
Q
what occurs during conjugation
A
bacterial DNA is transferred as a separate F plasmid (fertility factor) F+ —> F- cell (only in plasmids)
or
the F plasmid can be incorporated into the bacterial chromosome
The transfers are by conjugation tube
11
Q
what occurs in transduction
A
can occur via lytic or lysogenic bacteriophage replication pathways
DNA transfer by virus (bacteriophage)
12
Q
Which of the genetic exchange transfers largest amount of genetic information?
A
Conjugation
13
Q
what type of bacterial adhesion allows for the adhesion of teeth, heart valves and catheters?
A
glycocalyx
14
Q
Exotoxin characterisitcs
location?
bacteria type?
structure?
toxicity ?
heat stable?
other?
A
location: outside cell wall
bacteria type: Gram (+) and (-)
structure: Polypeptides
toxicity: High
heat stable: No
other: includes enterotoxins detected by ELISA
15
Q
Endotoxins characterisitcs
location?
bacteria type?
structure?
toxicity ?
heat stable?
A
location: within cell wall
bacteria type: gram (-) and lysteria
structure: LPS (lipid A most toxic)
toxicity: low
heat stable: yes
16
Q
List the protease exotoxins
A
Tetanus toxin
Botulinum toxin
Anthrax toxin
Exfoliatin
17
Q
tetanus toxin
what is the mode of action?
what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?
A
neurotoxin: inhibits glycine NT
Clostridium tetani
18
Q
Botulinum toxin
what is the mode of action?
what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?
A
Neurotoxin: inhibits ACh at synapse
Clostridium botulinum
19
Q
Anthrax toxin
what is the mode of action?
what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?
A
Cleaves phophokinase
Bacilis anthracis
20
Q
Exfoliatin
what is the mode of action?
what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?
A
Cleaves desmoglein
Staph aureus
21
Q
List the obligate intracellular bacteria
A
Rickettsia and Chlamydia spp
22
Q
What are the three type of extracellular bacteria groups?
A
Acid fast
Gram (+)
Gram (-)
23
Q
What is an acid fast bacteria?
A
Mycobacteria sp.
24
Q
List the gram (+) bacteria
Cocci
spore forming bacilli
non spore forming bacilli
A
cocci: strep and staph
spore forming bacilli: bacillis and clostridium sp
non-spore forming bacilli: actinomyces, listeria, corynebacterium sp.
25
Gram negative
cocci
bacilli: aerobic, anaerobic, facultative
cocci: neisseria
bacilli:
pseudomonas (aero)
bacteriodes (ana)
escherichia, salmonella, heliobacter sp (facul)
26
Gram (+) Characterisitcs
Stain color
Peptidoglycan wall
Major Wall Constituent
Periplasmic space
Endotoxin
Stain color: purple
Peptidoglycan wall: Thick
Major Wall Constituent: LTA (lipoteichoic acid)
Periplasmic space: No
Endotoxin: No
27
Gram (-)
Stain color
Peptidoglycan wall
Major Wall Constituent
Periplasmic space
Endotoxin
Stain color: pink
Peptidoglycan wall: thin
Major Wall Constituent: LPS
Periplasmic space: Yes (location of many Beta lactamases)
Endotoxin: Yes (LPS)
28
What are the three hemolytic classes. Describe each
Alpha- incomplete (will see green ring around colonies)
Beta- complete (clear area of hemolysis)
Gamma- none (no hemolysis)
29
Strep. pneumonia
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (3)
disease (4)
Gram (+) cocci chains
hemolysis: alpha
major virulence factors: capsule, pneumolysin, IgA protease
disease: MOPS
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
30
Viridians (name specific bacteria (2))
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (1)
disease (2)
Strep mutans and strep. sanguis
gram (+) cocci chains
hemolysis: alpha
major virulence factors: normal flora of oropharynx
disease: caries and endocarditis
31
Strep pyogenes
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (6)
disease (7)
gram (+/-): Gram (+)
shape: cocci (chains)
hemolysis: Beta (Group A)
major virulence factors: M protein, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, erythrogenic toxin, streptolysin O & S and exotoxin A & B
disease (7): pyogenic infections, pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
32
Strep agalactiae
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (1)
disease (3)
gram (+/-): gram (+)
shape: cocci chains
hemolysis: Beta (group B)
major virulence factors (1): capsule
disease (3): neonatal diseases - neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis
33
Strep bovis
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (1)
disease (2)
gram (+/-): gram (+)
shape: cocci chains
hemolysis: gamma
major virulence factors (1): normal colon flora
disease (2): subacute endocarditis and assoc with colon cancer
34
Enterococci (name 2 specific bacteria)
Gram (+/-) :
Shape:
Hemolysis
Major Virulence Factors (1)
Disease (2)
E. faecalis and E.faecium
Gram (+/-) : gram (+)
Shape: cocci chains
Hemolysis: gamma
Major Virulence Factors: normal colon flora
Disease: UTI and subacute endocarditis
35
Staph aureus
Gram (+/-) :
Shape:
Hemolysis
Major Virulence Factors (3)
Disease (6)
Gram (+/-): gram (+)
Shape: cocci clusters
Hemolysis: Beta
Major Virulence Factors: Protein A, Beta lactamase, Enterotoxin
Disease: abscess, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning, MRSA, endocarditis, osteomyelitis
36
Bacillus anthracis
gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: spore forming anthrax toxin, polypeptide capsule (D-glutamate)
Disease: Anthrax
cutaneous: black eschar (painless ulcer)
Pulmonary: inhalation of spores
37
Clostridium botulinum
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: Botulinum toxin
most potent bacterial toxin
Disease: Botulism
CN/muscle paralysis
respiratory failure
ingestion of undercooked foods, fish, ham, pork
38
Bacillus cereus
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: faculatative
Major Virulence Factors: enterotoxins
Disease: food poisoning (rice/grains)
39
Clostidium tetani
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: Gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: tetanus toxin (neurotoxin)
Disease: Tetanus
assoc with puncture wounds, spastic paralysis, trismus
40
Clostridium pefringens
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: alpha toxin (lecinthinase)
Disease: gas gangrene and food poisoning (meats)
41
Clostridium difficile
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: exotoxin A & B
Disease: pseudomembranous colitis (often secondary to clindamycin)
42
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Non-sporeforming
Gram/shape: club shaped, gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: diptheria toxin
Disease: diptheria
pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish white membrane on tonsils)
43
Listeria
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Non-spore forming
Gram/shape: gram pos, bacilli
O2 requirement: facultative
Major Virulence Factors: listeriolysin O and endotoxin
Disease: neonatal meningitis (vaginal birth)
gastroenteritis (milk cheese)
44
Actinomyces israelii
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
nonspore forming
Gram/shape: gram pos bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: normal oral flora
Disease: actinomycosis
slow growing, lumpy orofacial abscesses; sulfur granules/colonies
45
Neisseria meningitis
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram neg cocci
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: capsule. endotoxin (LPS), IgA protease
Disease: meningitis and waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
46
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors (3)
Disease (4)
Gram/shape: gram neg cocci
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin (LOS), fimbriae, IgA protease
Disease: Gonorrhea (STD)
- urethritis burning sensation
- female: vaginal discharge
- male: epididymitis
pelvic inflammatory disease
neonatal conjunctivitis
septic arthritis
47
N. meningitis
is there a vaccine?
Prevalence?
Mortality?
yes theres a vaccine
low prevalence
high mortality
48
N.gonorrhoae
Is there a vaccine?
Prevalence?
Mortality?
No vaccine
High prevalence
Low mortality
49
Escherichia coli
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram neg bacilli
O2 requirement: facultative
Major Virulence Factors: heat labile toxin, enterotoxin and endotoxin
Disease: UTI, dysentery, travelers diarrhea
50
Salmonella spp.
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors:
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin
Disease: enterocolitis
transmission from animals (eggs, poultry, pets)
typhoid fever
septicemia leads to osteomylelitis
often with patients with sickle cell anemia
51
shigella sp
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors:
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: enterotoxin and endotoxin
Disease: enterocollitis and dysentary
52
vibrio cholerae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; comma shaped
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: cholerae toxin, enterotoxin, endotoxin
Disease: cholera - watery diarrhea
53
Campylobacter jejuni
Gram/shape
O2 requirement:
Major Virulence Factors:
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; comma shaped
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: enterotoxin and endotoxin
Disease: enterocolitis
54
Heliobacter pylori
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin
Disease : gastritis, peptic ulcers, gatric carcinoma
55
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: capsule and endotoxin
Disease:
pneumonia
assoc with chronic resp disease, alcoholism, diabetes
UTI
56
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; blue green pigment in culture
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: exotoxin A and endotoxin
Disease: PSEUD
Pneumonia
sepsin
Exernal otitis
UTI
Diabetic osteomyelitis
57
Bacteroides
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin and fimbriae
Disease: abscess and periodontitis
58
Haemophilus influenzae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: capsule, endotoxin, IgA protease
Disease: epiglottis, meningitis (children), otitis media, pneumonia
59
Legionella pneumophilia
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin
Disease: Legionnaires disease
pneumonia and fever; transmission: environmental water sources
60
Bordetella pertussis
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; fimbriae
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: pertussis toxin, endotoxin, tracheal cytotoxin
Disease: pertussis (whooping cough)
61
List the zoonotic bacilli
brucella sp
francisella
yersinia pestis
pasteurella multocida
62
Francisella tularensis
O2 requirement
Major virulence
Disease
O2 requirement: facul
Major virulence: endotoxin
Disease: tularemia
transmission: ticks, contact with wild animals (rabits deer)
63
Yersinia pestis
O2 requirement: facul
Major virulence
Disease
O2 requirement: facul
Major virulence: exotoxin, endotoxin
Disease: plague
transmission via fleas, rodents
64
Pasteurella multicoda
O2 requirement
Major virulence
Disease
O2 requirement: facul
Major virulence: endotoxin
Disease: cellulitis
transmission: animal bites
65
Mycobacteria
O2 requirement
Gram/shape
Cell wall constituents (4)
O2 requirements: aerobic
Gram/shape: Acid fast, non motile bacilli
Cell wall constiuents:
peptidoglycan: prevents osmotic lysis
Mycolic acid: impedese chemical entry, resists phagocytosis, waxy coating
Surface proteins: Adhesins
Periplasm: contains enzyme for nutrient breakdown
66
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gram/shape
Major virulence factors
characteristics
disease
Gram/shape: acid fast, bacilli
Major virulence factors: cold factors and tuberculoproteins
characteristics: inhalation of airborne droplets
disease: Tuberculosis
67
Describe TB disease
Treatment for TB
TB
- fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
Primary TB: granulomatous lesions and hilar lymphadenopathy (Ghon complex)
Secondary TB: caseous granuloma which will lead to either miliary or disseminated infection
Treatment:RIP
rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide
68
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram/shape
Major virulence factors
characteristics
disease
Gram/shape: acid fast bacilli
Major virulence factors: lepromin proteins
characteristics: resevois in US armidillos
disease: Leprosy
69
Describe Mycobacterium lepra
Treatment
Leprosy
Tuberculoid type: cell mediated immune response and granulomas in nerves
Lepromatous type: foam cells containg bacteria in skin
Tx: dapsone, rifampin
70
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: wall less bacteria
Characteristics: no cell wall, cell membrane contains cholesterol
disease: atypical walking penumonia
71
Chlamydia trachomatis
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: obligate intracellular bacteria
Characteristics: most common cause of STDs
disease:
Trachoma: chronic infection; inclusion conjunctivitis; Blindness
Chlamydia (STD): urethritis, neonatal conjunctivitis
72
Rickettsia rickettsii
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: Obligate intracellular bacteria
Characteristics: needs host CoA and NAD+; causes vasculitis, headache, fever
Transmission: ticks
disease: Rocky mountain spotted fever
rash on palms and soles
73
Rickettsia prowazekii
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: obligate intracellular bacteria
Characteristics: needs host CoA and NAD+; causes vasculitis, headache, fever
transmission: lice
disease: epidemic typhus
rash: central to peripheral (no palm/no soles)
74
Coxiella burnetti
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: obligate intracellular
Characteristics: an atypical rickettsia, need host CoA and NAD+
Transmission: inhaled aerosoles
disease: Q fever - pneumonia
75
Treponema pallidum
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: spirochete
Characteristics: visualized by dark field microscopy
Congenital syphilis: CN VII deafness, Hutchinson's incisors, mullberry molars
disease: Syphilis
76
Syphilis
describe disease
tx
Syphilis
Primary: painless chancre
Secondary: highly infectious maculopapular rash, mucous patch
Tertiary: gumma ( hole on tongue or palate)
Tx: penicillin
77
Borrelia burgdorferi
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: spirochetes
Characteristics: visualized by aniline dyes with light microscopy
transmission: deer (most often in NE states)
disease: Lyme Disease
78
Describe Lyme disease
Tx
Lyme disease
Stage 1: erythema migrans "bulls eye rash"
Stage 2: neuropathies (bell palsy)
Stage 3: Arthritis and CNS disease
Tx: doxycycline
79
What are the heart conditions that are necessary for prophylaxis
- artifical heart valves
- history of previous IE
- heart transplant that develops valve problems
- unrepaired or incompletely repaired cyanotic congenital heart disease, including those with palliative shunts and conduits
- prosthetic device during the first 6 months after the procedure or any repaired congenital heart defect with residual defect at site or adjacent site
80
