Bacteria Flashcards
All bacteria have what kind of wall?
Selectively permeable plasma membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan wall of varying thickness.
What bacteria is the exception to the peptidoglycan wall and plasma membrane structure?
mycoplasma spp.
What are the stages of the bacterial growth curve?
Lag Phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase
What occurs during lag, log, stationary and death phase?
Lag: increased metabolic activty in prep for division
Log: exponential grwoth and division
Stationary phase: cell growth plateus as the number of cells balances the number of dying cells due to depeltion of nutrients
Death phase: exponential increase in cell death
What are plasmids?
extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently within bacteria , they are not essential to viability but allow for bacteria to adapt
What is transposition? what are transposons?
transfer of DNA within a bacterial cell via transposons
the transposons are portions of DNA that jump from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa
Regardless the mode of exchange, DNA becomes integrated in the host cell chromosome by what?
Recombination
What are three ways of genetic exchange for bacteria?
transformation
conjugation
transduction
what occurs during transformation
DNA transfers from environment
DNA transfers via uptake
what occurs during conjugation
bacterial DNA is transferred as a separate F plasmid (fertility factor) F+ —> F- cell (only in plasmids)
or
the F plasmid can be incorporated into the bacterial chromosome
The transfers are by conjugation tube
what occurs in transduction
can occur via lytic or lysogenic bacteriophage replication pathways
DNA transfer by virus (bacteriophage)
Which of the genetic exchange transfers largest amount of genetic information?
Conjugation
what type of bacterial adhesion allows for the adhesion of teeth, heart valves and catheters?
glycocalyx
Exotoxin characterisitcs
location?
bacteria type?
structure?
toxicity ?
heat stable?
other?
location: outside cell wall
bacteria type: Gram (+) and (-)
structure: Polypeptides
toxicity: High
heat stable: No
other: includes enterotoxins detected by ELISA
Endotoxins characterisitcs
location?
bacteria type?
structure?
toxicity ?
heat stable?
location: within cell wall
bacteria type: gram (-) and lysteria
structure: LPS (lipid A most toxic)
toxicity: low
heat stable: yes
List the protease exotoxins
Tetanus toxin
Botulinum toxin
Anthrax toxin
Exfoliatin
tetanus toxin
what is the mode of action?
what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?
neurotoxin: inhibits glycine NT
Clostridium tetani
Botulinum toxin
what is the mode of action?
what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?
Neurotoxin: inhibits ACh at synapse
Clostridium botulinum
Anthrax toxin
what is the mode of action?
what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?
Cleaves phophokinase
Bacilis anthracis
Exfoliatin
what is the mode of action?
what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?
Cleaves desmoglein
Staph aureus
List the obligate intracellular bacteria
Rickettsia and Chlamydia spp
What are the three type of extracellular bacteria groups?
Acid fast
Gram (+)
Gram (-)
What is an acid fast bacteria?
Mycobacteria sp.
List the gram (+) bacteria
Cocci
spore forming bacilli
non spore forming bacilli
cocci: strep and staph
spore forming bacilli: bacillis and clostridium sp
non-spore forming bacilli: actinomyces, listeria, corynebacterium sp.
Gram negative
cocci
bacilli: aerobic, anaerobic, facultative
cocci: neisseria
bacilli:
pseudomonas (aero)
bacteriodes (ana)
escherichia, salmonella, heliobacter sp (facul)
Gram (+) Characterisitcs
Stain color
Peptidoglycan wall
Major Wall Constituent
Periplasmic space
Endotoxin
Stain color: purple
Peptidoglycan wall: Thick
Major Wall Constituent: LTA (lipoteichoic acid)
Periplasmic space: No
Endotoxin: No
Gram (-)
Stain color
Peptidoglycan wall
Major Wall Constituent
Periplasmic space
Endotoxin
Stain color: pink
Peptidoglycan wall: thin
Major Wall Constituent: LPS
Periplasmic space: Yes (location of many Beta lactamases)
Endotoxin: Yes (LPS)
What are the three hemolytic classes. Describe each
Alpha- incomplete (will see green ring around colonies)
Beta- complete (clear area of hemolysis)
Gamma- none (no hemolysis)
Strep. pneumonia
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (3)
disease (4)
Gram (+) cocci chains
hemolysis: alpha
major virulence factors: capsule, pneumolysin, IgA protease
disease: MOPS
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
Viridians (name specific bacteria (2))
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (1)
disease (2)
Strep mutans and strep. sanguis
gram (+) cocci chains
hemolysis: alpha
major virulence factors: normal flora of oropharynx
disease: caries and endocarditis
Strep pyogenes
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (6)
disease (7)
gram (+/-): Gram (+)
shape: cocci (chains)
hemolysis: Beta (Group A)
major virulence factors: M protein, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, erythrogenic toxin, streptolysin O & S and exotoxin A & B
disease (7): pyogenic infections, pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
Strep agalactiae
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (1)
disease (3)
gram (+/-): gram (+)
shape: cocci chains
hemolysis: Beta (group B)
major virulence factors (1): capsule
disease (3): neonatal diseases - neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis
Strep bovis
gram (+/-)
shape
hemolysis
major virulence factors (1)
disease (2)
gram (+/-): gram (+)
shape: cocci chains
hemolysis: gamma
major virulence factors (1): normal colon flora
disease (2): subacute endocarditis and assoc with colon cancer
Enterococci (name 2 specific bacteria)
Gram (+/-) :
Shape:
Hemolysis
Major Virulence Factors (1)
Disease (2)
E. faecalis and E.faecium
Gram (+/-) : gram (+)
Shape: cocci chains
Hemolysis: gamma
Major Virulence Factors: normal colon flora
Disease: UTI and subacute endocarditis
Staph aureus
Gram (+/-) :
Shape:
Hemolysis
Major Virulence Factors (3)
Disease (6)
Gram (+/-): gram (+)
Shape: cocci clusters
Hemolysis: Beta
Major Virulence Factors: Protein A, Beta lactamase, Enterotoxin
Disease: abscess, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning, MRSA, endocarditis, osteomyelitis
Bacillus anthracis
gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: spore forming anthrax toxin, polypeptide capsule (D-glutamate)
Disease: Anthrax
cutaneous: black eschar (painless ulcer)
Pulmonary: inhalation of spores
Clostridium botulinum
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: Botulinum toxin
most potent bacterial toxin
Disease: Botulism
CN/muscle paralysis
respiratory failure
ingestion of undercooked foods, fish, ham, pork
Bacillus cereus
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: faculatative
Major Virulence Factors: enterotoxins
Disease: food poisoning (rice/grains)
Clostidium tetani
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: Gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: tetanus toxin (neurotoxin)
Disease: Tetanus
assoc with puncture wounds, spastic paralysis, trismus
Clostridium pefringens
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: alpha toxin (lecinthinase)
Disease: gas gangrene and food poisoning (meats)
Clostridium difficile
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: exotoxin A & B
Disease: pseudomembranous colitis (often secondary to clindamycin)
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Non-sporeforming
Gram/shape: club shaped, gram (+) bacilli
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: diptheria toxin
Disease: diptheria
pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish white membrane on tonsils)
Listeria
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Non-spore forming
Gram/shape: gram pos, bacilli
O2 requirement: facultative
Major Virulence Factors: listeriolysin O and endotoxin
Disease: neonatal meningitis (vaginal birth)
gastroenteritis (milk cheese)
Actinomyces israelii
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
nonspore forming
Gram/shape: gram pos bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: normal oral flora
Disease: actinomycosis
slow growing, lumpy orofacial abscesses; sulfur granules/colonies
Neisseria meningitis
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram neg cocci
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: capsule. endotoxin (LPS), IgA protease
Disease: meningitis and waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors (3)
Disease (4)
Gram/shape: gram neg cocci
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin (LOS), fimbriae, IgA protease
Disease: Gonorrhea (STD)
- urethritis burning sensation
- female: vaginal discharge
- male: epididymitis
pelvic inflammatory disease
neonatal conjunctivitis
septic arthritis
N. meningitis
is there a vaccine?
Prevalence?
Mortality?
yes theres a vaccine
low prevalence
high mortality
N.gonorrhoae
Is there a vaccine?
Prevalence?
Mortality?
No vaccine
High prevalence
Low mortality
Escherichia coli
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram neg bacilli
O2 requirement: facultative
Major Virulence Factors: heat labile toxin, enterotoxin and endotoxin
Disease: UTI, dysentery, travelers diarrhea
Salmonella spp.
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors:
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin
Disease: enterocolitis
transmission from animals (eggs, poultry, pets)
typhoid fever
septicemia leads to osteomylelitis
often with patients with sickle cell anemia
shigella sp
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors:
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: enterotoxin and endotoxin
Disease: enterocollitis and dysentary
vibrio cholerae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; comma shaped
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: cholerae toxin, enterotoxin, endotoxin
Disease: cholera - watery diarrhea
Campylobacter jejuni
Gram/shape
O2 requirement:
Major Virulence Factors:
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; comma shaped
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: enterotoxin and endotoxin
Disease: enterocolitis
Heliobacter pylori
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin
Disease : gastritis, peptic ulcers, gatric carcinoma
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: capsule and endotoxin
Disease:
pneumonia
assoc with chronic resp disease, alcoholism, diabetes
UTI
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; blue green pigment in culture
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: exotoxin A and endotoxin
Disease: PSEUD
Pneumonia
sepsin
Exernal otitis
UTI
Diabetic osteomyelitis
Bacteroides
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: anaerobic
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin and fimbriae
Disease: abscess and periodontitis
Haemophilus influenzae
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: capsule, endotoxin, IgA protease
Disease: epiglottis, meningitis (children), otitis media, pneumonia
Legionella pneumophilia
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli
O2 requirement: facul
Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin
Disease: Legionnaires disease
pneumonia and fever; transmission: environmental water sources
Bordetella pertussis
Gram/shape
O2 requirement
Major Virulence Factors
Disease
Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; fimbriae
O2 requirement: aerobic
Major Virulence Factors: pertussis toxin, endotoxin, tracheal cytotoxin
Disease: pertussis (whooping cough)
List the zoonotic bacilli
brucella sp
francisella
yersinia pestis
pasteurella multocida
Francisella tularensis
O2 requirement
Major virulence
Disease
O2 requirement: facul
Major virulence: endotoxin
Disease: tularemia
transmission: ticks, contact with wild animals (rabits deer)
Yersinia pestis
O2 requirement: facul
Major virulence
Disease
O2 requirement: facul
Major virulence: exotoxin, endotoxin
Disease: plague
transmission via fleas, rodents
Pasteurella multicoda
O2 requirement
Major virulence
Disease
O2 requirement: facul
Major virulence: endotoxin
Disease: cellulitis
transmission: animal bites
Mycobacteria
O2 requirement
Gram/shape
Cell wall constituents (4)
O2 requirements: aerobic
Gram/shape: Acid fast, non motile bacilli
Cell wall constiuents:
peptidoglycan: prevents osmotic lysis
Mycolic acid: impedese chemical entry, resists phagocytosis, waxy coating
Surface proteins: Adhesins
Periplasm: contains enzyme for nutrient breakdown
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gram/shape
Major virulence factors
characteristics
disease
Gram/shape: acid fast, bacilli
Major virulence factors: cold factors and tuberculoproteins
characteristics: inhalation of airborne droplets
disease: Tuberculosis
Describe TB disease
Treatment for TB
TB
- fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis
Primary TB: granulomatous lesions and hilar lymphadenopathy (Ghon complex)
Secondary TB: caseous granuloma which will lead to either miliary or disseminated infection
Treatment:RIP
rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram/shape
Major virulence factors
characteristics
disease
Gram/shape: acid fast bacilli
Major virulence factors: lepromin proteins
characteristics: resevois in US armidillos
disease: Leprosy
Describe Mycobacterium lepra
Treatment
Leprosy
Tuberculoid type: cell mediated immune response and granulomas in nerves
Lepromatous type: foam cells containg bacteria in skin
Tx: dapsone, rifampin
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: wall less bacteria
Characteristics: no cell wall, cell membrane contains cholesterol
disease: atypical walking penumonia
Chlamydia trachomatis
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: obligate intracellular bacteria
Characteristics: most common cause of STDs
disease:
Trachoma: chronic infection; inclusion conjunctivitis; Blindness
Chlamydia (STD): urethritis, neonatal conjunctivitis
Rickettsia rickettsii
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: Obligate intracellular bacteria
Characteristics: needs host CoA and NAD+; causes vasculitis, headache, fever
Transmission: ticks
disease: Rocky mountain spotted fever
rash on palms and soles
Rickettsia prowazekii
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: obligate intracellular bacteria
Characteristics: needs host CoA and NAD+; causes vasculitis, headache, fever
transmission: lice
disease: epidemic typhus
rash: central to peripheral (no palm/no soles)
Coxiella burnetti
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: obligate intracellular
Characteristics: an atypical rickettsia, need host CoA and NAD+
Transmission: inhaled aerosoles
disease: Q fever - pneumonia
Treponema pallidum
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: spirochete
Characteristics: visualized by dark field microscopy
Congenital syphilis: CN VII deafness, Hutchinson’s incisors, mullberry molars
disease: Syphilis
Syphilis
describe disease
tx
Syphilis
Primary: painless chancre
Secondary: highly infectious maculopapular rash, mucous patch
Tertiary: gumma ( hole on tongue or palate)
Tx: penicillin
Borrelia burgdorferi
Type of bacteria
Characteristics
disease
Type of bacteria: spirochetes
Characteristics: visualized by aniline dyes with light microscopy
transmission: deer (most often in NE states)
disease: Lyme Disease
Describe Lyme disease
Tx
Lyme disease
Stage 1: erythema migrans “bulls eye rash”
Stage 2: neuropathies (bell palsy)
Stage 3: Arthritis and CNS disease
Tx: doxycycline
What are the heart conditions that are necessary for prophylaxis
- artifical heart valves
- history of previous IE
- heart transplant that develops valve problems
- unrepaired or incompletely repaired cyanotic congenital heart disease, including those with palliative shunts and conduits
- prosthetic device during the first 6 months after the procedure or any repaired congenital heart defect with residual defect at site or adjacent site
