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NBDE 1 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

All bacteria have what kind of wall?

A

Selectively permeable plasma membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan wall of varying thickness.

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2
Q

What bacteria is the exception to the peptidoglycan wall and plasma membrane structure?

A

mycoplasma spp.

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3
Q

What are the stages of the bacterial growth curve?

A

Lag Phase

Log phase

Stationary phase

Death phase

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4
Q

What occurs during lag, log, stationary and death phase?

A

Lag: increased metabolic activty in prep for division

Log: exponential grwoth and division

Stationary phase: cell growth plateus as the number of cells balances the number of dying cells due to depeltion of nutrients

Death phase: exponential increase in cell death

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5
Q

What are plasmids?

A

extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently within bacteria , they are not essential to viability but allow for bacteria to adapt

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6
Q

What is transposition? what are transposons?

A

transfer of DNA within a bacterial cell via transposons

the transposons are portions of DNA that jump from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa

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7
Q

Regardless the mode of exchange, DNA becomes integrated in the host cell chromosome by what?

A

Recombination

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8
Q

What are three ways of genetic exchange for bacteria?

A

transformation

conjugation

transduction

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9
Q

what occurs during transformation

A

DNA transfers from environment

DNA transfers via uptake

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10
Q

what occurs during conjugation

A

bacterial DNA is transferred as a separate F plasmid (fertility factor) F+ —> F- cell (only in plasmids)

or

the F plasmid can be incorporated into the bacterial chromosome

The transfers are by conjugation tube

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11
Q

what occurs in transduction

A

can occur via lytic or lysogenic bacteriophage replication pathways

DNA transfer by virus (bacteriophage)

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12
Q

Which of the genetic exchange transfers largest amount of genetic information?

A

Conjugation

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13
Q

what type of bacterial adhesion allows for the adhesion of teeth, heart valves and catheters?

A

glycocalyx

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14
Q

Exotoxin characterisitcs

location?

bacteria type?

structure?

toxicity ?

heat stable?

other?

A

location: outside cell wall

bacteria type: Gram (+) and (-)

structure: Polypeptides
toxicity: High

heat stable: No

other: includes enterotoxins detected by ELISA

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15
Q

Endotoxins characterisitcs

location?

bacteria type?

structure?

toxicity ?

heat stable?

A

location: within cell wall

bacteria type: gram (-) and lysteria

structure: LPS (lipid A most toxic)
toxicity: low

heat stable: yes

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16
Q

List the protease exotoxins

A

Tetanus toxin

Botulinum toxin

Anthrax toxin

Exfoliatin

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17
Q

tetanus toxin

what is the mode of action?

what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?

A

neurotoxin: inhibits glycine NT

Clostridium tetani

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18
Q

Botulinum toxin

what is the mode of action?

what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?

A

Neurotoxin: inhibits ACh at synapse

Clostridium botulinum

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19
Q

Anthrax toxin

what is the mode of action?

what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?

A

Cleaves phophokinase

Bacilis anthracis

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20
Q

Exfoliatin

what is the mode of action?

what is the bacteria that secretes this toxin?

A

Cleaves desmoglein

Staph aureus

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21
Q

List the obligate intracellular bacteria

A

Rickettsia and Chlamydia spp

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22
Q

What are the three type of extracellular bacteria groups?

A

Acid fast

Gram (+)

Gram (-)

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23
Q

What is an acid fast bacteria?

A

Mycobacteria sp.

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24
Q

List the gram (+) bacteria

Cocci

spore forming bacilli

non spore forming bacilli

A

cocci: strep and staph

spore forming bacilli: bacillis and clostridium sp

non-spore forming bacilli: actinomyces, listeria, corynebacterium sp.

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25
Q

Gram negative

cocci

bacilli: aerobic, anaerobic, facultative

A

cocci: neisseria

bacilli:

pseudomonas (aero)

bacteriodes (ana)

escherichia, salmonella, heliobacter sp (facul)

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26
Q

Gram (+) Characterisitcs

Stain color

Peptidoglycan wall

Major Wall Constituent

Periplasmic space

Endotoxin

A

Stain color: purple

Peptidoglycan wall: Thick

Major Wall Constituent: LTA (lipoteichoic acid)

Periplasmic space: No

Endotoxin: No

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27
Q

Gram (-)

Stain color

Peptidoglycan wall

Major Wall Constituent

Periplasmic space

Endotoxin

A

Stain color: pink

Peptidoglycan wall: thin

Major Wall Constituent: LPS

Periplasmic space: Yes (location of many Beta lactamases)

Endotoxin: Yes (LPS)

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28
Q

What are the three hemolytic classes. Describe each

A

Alpha- incomplete (will see green ring around colonies)

Beta- complete (clear area of hemolysis)

Gamma- none (no hemolysis)

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29
Q

Strep. pneumonia

gram (+/-)

shape

hemolysis

major virulence factors (3)

disease (4)

A

Gram (+) cocci chains

hemolysis: alpha

major virulence factors: capsule, pneumolysin, IgA protease

disease: MOPS

Meningitis

Otitis media

Pneumonia

Sinusitis

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30
Q

Viridians (name specific bacteria (2))

gram (+/-)

shape

hemolysis

major virulence factors (1)

disease (2)

A

Strep mutans and strep. sanguis

gram (+) cocci chains

hemolysis: alpha

major virulence factors: normal flora of oropharynx

disease: caries and endocarditis

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31
Q

Strep pyogenes

gram (+/-)

shape

hemolysis

major virulence factors (6)

disease (7)

A

gram (+/-): Gram (+)

shape: cocci (chains)
hemolysis: Beta (Group A)

major virulence factors: M protein, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, erythrogenic toxin, streptolysin O & S and exotoxin A & B

disease (7): pyogenic infections, pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

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32
Q

Strep agalactiae

gram (+/-)

shape

hemolysis

major virulence factors (1)

disease (3)

A

gram (+/-): gram (+)

shape: cocci chains
hemolysis: Beta (group B)

major virulence factors (1): capsule

disease (3): neonatal diseases - neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis

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33
Q

Strep bovis

gram (+/-)

shape

hemolysis

major virulence factors (1)

disease (2)

A

gram (+/-): gram (+)

shape: cocci chains
hemolysis: gamma

major virulence factors (1): normal colon flora

disease (2): subacute endocarditis and assoc with colon cancer

34
Q

Enterococci (name 2 specific bacteria)

Gram (+/-) :

Shape:

Hemolysis

Major Virulence Factors (1)

Disease (2)

A

E. faecalis and E.faecium

Gram (+/-) : gram (+)

Shape: cocci chains

Hemolysis: gamma

Major Virulence Factors: normal colon flora

Disease: UTI and subacute endocarditis

35
Q

Staph aureus

Gram (+/-) :

Shape:

Hemolysis

Major Virulence Factors (3)

Disease (6)

A

Gram (+/-): gram (+)

Shape: cocci clusters

Hemolysis: Beta

Major Virulence Factors: Protein A, Beta lactamase, Enterotoxin

Disease: abscess, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning, MRSA, endocarditis, osteomyelitis

36
Q

Bacillus anthracis

gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

gram (+) bacilli

O2 requirement: aerobic

Major Virulence Factors: spore forming anthrax toxin, polypeptide capsule (D-glutamate)

Disease: Anthrax

cutaneous: black eschar (painless ulcer)

Pulmonary: inhalation of spores

37
Q

Clostridium botulinum

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli

O2 requirement: anaerobic

Major Virulence Factors: Botulinum toxin

most potent bacterial toxin

Disease: Botulism

CN/muscle paralysis

respiratory failure

ingestion of undercooked foods, fish, ham, pork

38
Q

Bacillus cereus

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli

O2 requirement: faculatative

Major Virulence Factors: enterotoxins

Disease: food poisoning (rice/grains)

39
Q

Clostidium tetani

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: Gram (+) bacilli

O2 requirement: anaerobic

Major Virulence Factors: tetanus toxin (neurotoxin)

Disease: Tetanus

assoc with puncture wounds, spastic paralysis, trismus

40
Q

Clostridium pefringens

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli

O2 requirement: anaerobic

Major Virulence Factors: alpha toxin (lecinthinase)

Disease: gas gangrene and food poisoning (meats)

41
Q

Clostridium difficile

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (+) bacilli

O2 requirement: anaerobic

Major Virulence Factors: exotoxin A & B

Disease: pseudomembranous colitis (often secondary to clindamycin)

42
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Non-sporeforming

Gram/shape: club shaped, gram (+) bacilli

O2 requirement: aerobic

Major Virulence Factors: diptheria toxin

Disease: diptheria

pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish white membrane on tonsils)

43
Q

Listeria

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Non-spore forming

Gram/shape: gram pos, bacilli

O2 requirement: facultative

Major Virulence Factors: listeriolysin O and endotoxin

Disease: neonatal meningitis (vaginal birth)

gastroenteritis (milk cheese)

44
Q

Actinomyces israelii

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

nonspore forming

Gram/shape: gram pos bacilli

O2 requirement: anaerobic

Major Virulence Factors: normal oral flora

Disease: actinomycosis

slow growing, lumpy orofacial abscesses; sulfur granules/colonies

45
Q

Neisseria meningitis

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram neg cocci

O2 requirement: aerobic

Major Virulence Factors: capsule. endotoxin (LPS), IgA protease

Disease: meningitis and waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

46
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors (3)

Disease (4)

A

Gram/shape: gram neg cocci

O2 requirement: aerobic

Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin (LOS), fimbriae, IgA protease

Disease: Gonorrhea (STD)

  • urethritis burning sensation
  • female: vaginal discharge
  • male: epididymitis

pelvic inflammatory disease

neonatal conjunctivitis

septic arthritis

47
Q

N. meningitis

is there a vaccine?

Prevalence?

Mortality?

A

yes theres a vaccine

low prevalence

high mortality

48
Q

N.gonorrhoae

Is there a vaccine?

Prevalence?

Mortality?

A

No vaccine

High prevalence

Low mortality

49
Q

Escherichia coli

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram neg bacilli

O2 requirement: facultative

Major Virulence Factors: heat labile toxin, enterotoxin and endotoxin

Disease: UTI, dysentery, travelers diarrhea

50
Q

Salmonella spp.

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors:

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli

O2 requirement: facul

Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin

Disease: enterocolitis

transmission from animals (eggs, poultry, pets)

typhoid fever

septicemia leads to osteomylelitis

often with patients with sickle cell anemia

51
Q

shigella sp

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors:

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli

O2 requirement: facul

Major Virulence Factors: enterotoxin and endotoxin

Disease: enterocollitis and dysentary

52
Q

vibrio cholerae

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; comma shaped

O2 requirement: facul

Major Virulence Factors: cholerae toxin, enterotoxin, endotoxin

Disease: cholera - watery diarrhea

53
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

Gram/shape

O2 requirement:

Major Virulence Factors:

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; comma shaped

O2 requirement: facul

Major Virulence Factors: enterotoxin and endotoxin

Disease: enterocolitis

54
Q

Heliobacter pylori

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli

O2 requirement: facul

Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin

Disease : gastritis, peptic ulcers, gatric carcinoma

55
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli

O2 requirement: facul

Major Virulence Factors: capsule and endotoxin

Disease:

pneumonia

assoc with chronic resp disease, alcoholism, diabetes

UTI

56
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; blue green pigment in culture

O2 requirement: aerobic

Major Virulence Factors: exotoxin A and endotoxin

Disease: PSEUD

Pneumonia

sepsin

Exernal otitis

UTI

Diabetic osteomyelitis

57
Q

Bacteroides

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli

O2 requirement: anaerobic

Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin and fimbriae

Disease: abscess and periodontitis

58
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli

O2 requirement: facul

Major Virulence Factors: capsule, endotoxin, IgA protease

Disease: epiglottis, meningitis (children), otitis media, pneumonia

59
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli

O2 requirement: facul

Major Virulence Factors: endotoxin

Disease: Legionnaires disease

pneumonia and fever; transmission: environmental water sources

60
Q

Bordetella pertussis

Gram/shape

O2 requirement

Major Virulence Factors

Disease

A

Gram/shape: gram (-) bacilli; fimbriae

O2 requirement: aerobic

Major Virulence Factors: pertussis toxin, endotoxin, tracheal cytotoxin

Disease: pertussis (whooping cough)

61
Q

List the zoonotic bacilli

A

brucella sp

francisella

yersinia pestis

pasteurella multocida

62
Q

Francisella tularensis

O2 requirement

Major virulence

Disease

A

O2 requirement: facul

Major virulence: endotoxin

Disease: tularemia

transmission: ticks, contact with wild animals (rabits deer)

63
Q

Yersinia pestis

O2 requirement: facul

Major virulence

Disease

A

O2 requirement: facul

Major virulence: exotoxin, endotoxin

Disease: plague

transmission via fleas, rodents

64
Q

Pasteurella multicoda

O2 requirement

Major virulence

Disease

A

O2 requirement: facul

Major virulence: endotoxin

Disease: cellulitis

transmission: animal bites

65
Q

Mycobacteria

O2 requirement

Gram/shape

Cell wall constituents (4)

A

O2 requirements: aerobic

Gram/shape: Acid fast, non motile bacilli

Cell wall constiuents:

peptidoglycan: prevents osmotic lysis

Mycolic acid: impedese chemical entry, resists phagocytosis, waxy coating

Surface proteins: Adhesins

Periplasm: contains enzyme for nutrient breakdown

66
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Gram/shape

Major virulence factors

characteristics

disease

A

Gram/shape: acid fast, bacilli

Major virulence factors: cold factors and tuberculoproteins

characteristics: inhalation of airborne droplets
disease: Tuberculosis

67
Q

Describe TB disease

Treatment for TB

A

TB

  • fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis

Primary TB: granulomatous lesions and hilar lymphadenopathy (Ghon complex)

Secondary TB: caseous granuloma which will lead to either miliary or disseminated infection

Treatment:RIP

rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide

68
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

Gram/shape

Major virulence factors

characteristics

disease

A

Gram/shape: acid fast bacilli

Major virulence factors: lepromin proteins

characteristics: resevois in US armidillos
disease: Leprosy

69
Q

Describe Mycobacterium lepra

Treatment

A

Leprosy

Tuberculoid type: cell mediated immune response and granulomas in nerves

Lepromatous type: foam cells containg bacteria in skin

Tx: dapsone, rifampin

70
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Type of bacteria

Characteristics

disease

A

Type of bacteria: wall less bacteria

Characteristics: no cell wall, cell membrane contains cholesterol

disease: atypical walking penumonia

71
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

Type of bacteria

Characteristics

disease

A

Type of bacteria: obligate intracellular bacteria

Characteristics: most common cause of STDs

disease:

Trachoma: chronic infection; inclusion conjunctivitis; Blindness

Chlamydia (STD): urethritis, neonatal conjunctivitis

72
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

Type of bacteria

Characteristics

disease

A

Type of bacteria: Obligate intracellular bacteria

Characteristics: needs host CoA and NAD+; causes vasculitis, headache, fever

Transmission: ticks

disease: Rocky mountain spotted fever

rash on palms and soles

73
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii

Type of bacteria

Characteristics

disease

A

Type of bacteria: obligate intracellular bacteria

Characteristics: needs host CoA and NAD+; causes vasculitis, headache, fever

transmission: lice
disease: epidemic typhus
rash: central to peripheral (no palm/no soles)

74
Q

Coxiella burnetti

Type of bacteria

Characteristics

disease

A

Type of bacteria: obligate intracellular

Characteristics: an atypical rickettsia, need host CoA and NAD+

Transmission: inhaled aerosoles

disease: Q fever - pneumonia

75
Q

Treponema pallidum

Type of bacteria

Characteristics

disease

A

Type of bacteria: spirochete

Characteristics: visualized by dark field microscopy

Congenital syphilis: CN VII deafness, Hutchinson’s incisors, mullberry molars

disease: Syphilis

76
Q

Syphilis

describe disease

tx

A

Syphilis

Primary: painless chancre

Secondary: highly infectious maculopapular rash, mucous patch

Tertiary: gumma ( hole on tongue or palate)

Tx: penicillin

77
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

Type of bacteria

Characteristics

disease

A

Type of bacteria: spirochetes

Characteristics: visualized by aniline dyes with light microscopy

transmission: deer (most often in NE states)
disease: Lyme Disease

78
Q

Describe Lyme disease

Tx

A

Lyme disease

Stage 1: erythema migrans “bulls eye rash”

Stage 2: neuropathies (bell palsy)

Stage 3: Arthritis and CNS disease

Tx: doxycycline

79
Q

What are the heart conditions that are necessary for prophylaxis

A
  • artifical heart valves
  • history of previous IE
  • heart transplant that develops valve problems
  • unrepaired or incompletely repaired cyanotic congenital heart disease, including those with palliative shunts and conduits
  • prosthetic device during the first 6 months after the procedure or any repaired congenital heart defect with residual defect at site or adjacent site
80
Q
A

NBDE 1 (9 decks)

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