Antibiotics Flashcards
What antibiotic do you give for standard prophylaxis?
amoxicillin
2 g PO 1 hour before procedure
What antibiotic do you give for prophylaxis if the patient is unable to take it orally?
ampicillin
2g IV or IM 30 min prior to procdure
What antiobiotic do you give for prophylxis if patient has a penicillin allergy?
Clindamycin 600 mg PO 1hr before procedure
Azythromycin or clarithromycin 500 mg PO 1 hr before prodecure
Cephalexin or cedoxil 2 g PO 1hr before procedure
What antiobiotic do you give for prophylxis if patient has a penicillin allergy and unable to take PO medications?
Clindamycin 600mg IV or IM within 30 min before procedure
Cefazolin 1 g IM or IV within 30 min before procedure
True or False
Prophylaxis is recommended for ALL dental procedures that involves manipulation of gingival tissues or periapical regions of the teth or perforation of the oral mucosa.
True
Name the two medical conditions in which you much provide prophylaxis prior to procedure?
- heart conditions that may predispose them for infective endocarditis
- Total joint replacement that may be at risk for infection at the site of prosthesis
Name the antibiotic/(s)
Mechanism of action: inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linking by binding to D-alanyl-D-alanine during cell wall synthesis
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: Cidal
Spectrum: Narrow
Pregnancy safe? Yes
Vancomycin
Name the antibiotic/(s)
Mechanism of action: inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linking by blocking transpeptidase during late stage of cell wall synthesis
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: cidal
Spectrum: narrow to broader
Pregnancy safe? Yes
Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Name the antibiotic(s)
Mechanism of action: inhibitis DNA synthesis
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: cidal
Spectrum: narrow
Pregnancy safe? No
Metronidazole
Name the antibiotic(s)
Mechanism of action: inhibitis DNA gyrase (topoisomerase)
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: cidal
Spectrum: broad
Pregnancy safe? No
Fluoroquinolones
Name the antibiotic(s)
Mechanism of action: inhibits protein synthesis by binding 30 S ribosomal subunits (blocks the formation of initiation complex)
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: cidal
Spectrum: Broader
Pregnancy safe? No
aminoglycosides
Name the antibiotic(s)
Mechanism of action: inhibit protein synthesis by binding 50s ribosomal subunits (block release of tRNA)
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: static
Spectrum: narrow
Pregnancy safe? yes
Macrolides
Name the antibiotic(s)
Mechanism of action: inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosomal subunits (blocks release of tRNA)
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: static
Spectrum: narrow
Pregnancy safe? Yes
Clindamycin
Name the antibiotic(s)
Mechanism of action: inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosomal subunits (blocks peptidyl transfersase)
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: static
Spectrum: broad
Pregnancy safe? no
Chloramphenicol
Name the antibiotic(s)
Mechanism of action: inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosomal subunits (block aminoacyl-tRNA binding)
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: static
Spectrum: broad
Pregnancy safe? no
tetracycline
Name the antibiotic(s)
Mechanism of action: Inhibits folic acid synthesis by competing with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal: static
Spectrum: broad
Pregnancy safe? no
sulfonamide
List the antibiotics that are bacteriocidal
vancomycin
penicillins
cephalosporins
metronidalzole
fluoroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
what is the pneumonic to remember what ribsomal enzyme the bacteria uses?
Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50
30s: Aminoglycocides
Tetracyclines
50s: Clindamycin
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Lincomycin
Linezolid
What are the two antifungals used as swish and swallow to treat oral candida infections?
nyastatin and clotrimazole
List Penicillins (4)
PenVk
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin/clauvanate (augmentin)
Ampicillin
List cephalosporins (2)
Cephalexin
Ceflacor
List macrolides (3)
Azythromucin (Z-pak)
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
List tetracyclines (3)
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
List aminoglycosides
streptomycin
gentamycin
What are important side effects of aminoglycosides?
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
What are important side effects of ciprofloxacin?
nausea, headache
What are important side effects of bacitracin?
nephrotoxicity
What are important side effects of chloramphenicol?
blood disorders
What are important side effects of clindamycin?
pseudomembranous colitis
A patient allergic to penicillin is most likely to have a cross-allergy with?
Cephalosporin
Cephalosporin are penicillin like because both are bacteriocidal and interfere with cell wall synthesis
What is the function of penicillinase?
It degrades the beta-lactam ring structureof penicillin
List antibiotics that are penicillinase-resistant penicillins.
Methicillin
Dicloxacillin
Nafcillin
Augmentin (amox +clauv)
Unasyn (ampicillin + sublactam)
Zosyn (pipercillin/tazobactam)
Timentin (ticarcillin/clauvanate)
Why is MRSA and VRA life threatening infections? What antibiotics typically kill MRSA/VRSA?
Because they are resistant to penicillinase resistant penicillins and most cephalosporins.
Tx: 5th generation cephalosporin (ceftaroline fosamil)
Penicillins are typically great against what kind of bacteria?
Gram (+) bacteria
Able to inhibit terminal step in peptidoglycan synthesis
List three things doxycycline treats
rickettsia
chlamydia
mycoplasma
list three things minocycline treats
acne
anthrax
meningococcal prophylaxis
List some things that tetracycline treats
- penicillin allergy (3)
- excacerbations (4)
if patient is allergic to penicillin: acne, gonorrhea, syphilis
Excacerbations of chronic bronchitis, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia infections
