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A Class Civ- Politics > Background of the late republic > Flashcards

Background of the late republic Flashcards

1
Q

What was Rome’s government a mix of

A

aristocratic
democratc
monarchial

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2
Q

aristocratic

A

ruled by the people/ officials ( i.e. senate)

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3
Q

democratic

A

ruled by the public (i.e. people)

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4
Q

monarchial

A

ruled by a king (i.e. consul)

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5
Q

how many consuls were there?

A

two

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6
Q

how long did the consuls rule for and why?

A

a year to stop them from abusing their power and and have one man dominating everything

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7
Q

why did the consuls short reign cause problems?

A

as it was hard for any changes to be made in a year and consuls often had to do radical things to be remembered by the people.

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8
Q

primary function of a consul

A

general/ military leader

have complete control over the army

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9
Q

what other jobs do the consuls do?

A

oversee public affairs
introduce embassies to the senate
summon assemblies and pass laws

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10
Q

what do the consuls body guards do?

A

carry ‘fasces’ in order to symbolise their power to beat and execute the Roman citizens

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11
Q

what is a Tribunes job?

A

To protect the rights of the people in case the consuls or others are abusing their power. They are outside of the established ladder/ hierarchy. Possess the power to ‘veto’ anything at any time.

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12
Q

What 3 things do the senate have power over?

A
  1. They have financial power
  2. They have judicial power
  3. They decide on matters of foreign policy

they also form an advisory body to the consuls

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13
Q

About the senates financial power

A
  • they have control of the treasury

- Quaestors cannot issue any public money without the decree of the senate

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14
Q

How many people make up the sentae?

A

600

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15
Q

What powers do the people have?

A

vote on lots of things e.g.:

  • only people to decide on matters of life and death
  • are the ones who elect the representatives of the senate
  • decide if they should go to war or not
  • have power over passing or repealing law
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16
Q

what are the names of the two social orders of the people?

A

the patricians

the plebeians

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17
Q

what are the patricians?

A

Families whose ancestors could be traced back to the early days of Rome.

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18
Q

What did the patricians do?

A

They were significant land owners who occupied a central and privileged position in all spheres of public affairs - political, religious, legal and military

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19
Q

what are the plebeians (plebs)?

A

The rest of the citizen body (aka the people who were not patricians)

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20
Q

What did the plebeians do?

A

In the early days they were excluded from positions of authority in public affairs and viewed as underclass/ lesser.

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21
Q

What changed for the plebeians?

A

By the first half of the 4th century BC, the plebeians had successfully gained much political, religious and legal equality, in recognition of their military performance and growing need for more capable administrations of the newly acquired territories.

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22
Q

originally, what could the plebs and patricians not do?

A

intermarry

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23
Q

what was the Roman social and economic crisis?

A

when the farmer citizens living in rural areas returned from their lives in the army in 146, they found their farms to be run down and in disarray. In an attempt to feed their families, they sold their farms to rich people in the senate and went to Rome seeking work.

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24
Q

Why did the farmers sell their houses to rich senators?

A

Senators were not allowed to invest in banking or trading- so they used their money on land.

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25
Q

What happened when all the rural farmers came to Rome?

A

It became overcrowded.

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26
Q

what were equites?

A

a rank in the Roman class system which grew in wealth and status through occupations in commerce and finance. They, unlike senators, were allowed to be bankers and traders, and therefore took advantage of the great commercial oppetuntiies now available

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27
Q

Why was the social and economic crisis a problem?

A

There was a vast difference between the rich and poor, indicating change was needed.

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28
Q

res publica

A

Latin term for the republican set up which replaced the monarchy

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29
Q

SPQR

A

the senate and people of Rome

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30
Q

What is the hierarchal ladder of offices known as?

A

cursus honorum

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31
Q

What is imperium?

A

the ultimate authority including command in war and the interpretation of law.

only people to get this are consuls and praetors

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32
Q

What were praetors?

A
  • second in command to the consuls
  • role given to prove you are capable of being a consul
  • mini consulship, given a small army you can fight small scale wars with.
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33
Q

What were the praetors responsible for?

A

overseeing law courts and matters judicial

34
Q

What is an Aedile?

A

an optional magistracy, responsible for the provision of games and public services in Rome- i.e maintenance of public buildings, food and water supplies and public festivals

35
Q

Why would you want to be an Aedile?

A

to gain popularity and future votes among the Romans

36
Q

What is a quaestor?

A

the first rung n the cursus honorum
looks after the state treasury and financial administrations
(manages finance)

37
Q

how many tribunes of the plebs were elected each year

A

10

38
Q

what people were outside of the established social ladder

A

the tribunes of the plebs

39
Q

how often were the tribunes elected and who by

A

one a year

by the tribal assembly

40
Q

what was special about the bodies of the tribunes

A

they were considered ‘sacrosanct’ (against religious law to touch them) so they were safe from personal danger

41
Q

what was the job of a tribune

A

to protect the lives and property of the plebians

42
Q

what power did the tribunes have

A

could summon and attend meetings of the senate

had the power of ‘veto’

43
Q

how many praetors were there each year

A

8

44
Q

how many Aediles each year

A

4

45
Q

how many quaestors are there

A

20

46
Q

tribal assembly

A

the body of Roman citizens organised into the traditional 35 ‘tribes’ of rome

47
Q

how many censors were there

A

2

48
Q

how often would the censors be elected

A

every five years

they would rule for 18 months

49
Q

what is the censors job

A

to conduct census- count the population of rome, categorize class of men, responsible for the good behaviour of citizens and could even expel senators for what they considered immoral behaviour

50
Q

who elected the censors

A

the centuriate assembly

51
Q

what was the centuriate assembly

A

the body of Roma citizens organised into 193 voting ‘centuries’

52
Q

dictator

A

only elected in time of crisis
rule for 6 months
awarded the imperium of both consuls
appointed by the consuls and proposed by the senate

53
Q

what was put in force to prevent an individual from gaining too much power

A
  • minimum age for certain positions

- enforced time gaps between positions

54
Q

how many mediterranean provinces did rome have to govern by 79BC

A

10

55
Q

governors

A

a senator selected from those who had previosuly served as praetors of consuls

56
Q

what were governors reposnible for

A

the smooth running, safety and taxation of a Roman province

defend the peace in the province both in terms of law and military

57
Q

nobiles

A

an elite group of families who could claim a consul in their past family lineage

this effectively meant that military, political, economic, religious and social organisation and governance of the Roman republic was managed by a circle of sometimes fewer than 20 families

58
Q

who gathered for the annual elections held in the summer

A

the centuriate
the tribal assemblies
here they elected roles for the cursus honorum

59
Q

who did the centuriate assembly elect

A

the most important positions of political power, those that would wield imperium:

  • consul
  • praetor
  • censor
60
Q

what other job did the centuriate assembly have

A

decided on matters of peace and war

61
Q

what was wrong with the centuriate assembly

A

it was arranged so that the rich would have the most influence and power over the vote

62
Q

tribal assembly

A

responsible for electing the lesser senatorial magistrates and voted on proposals of law

also acted as a court of appeal to cases that did not involve capital punishment

63
Q

what were the two factions emerging within the nobiles

A
  • optimates (or boni)

- populares

64
Q

optimates

A

a group of aristocratsc senatorial families whose main concern was to protect the traditional role of the senate and the political and social status quo

65
Q

popularis

A

noble senatorial families that aimed to secure power through appealing to the people

66
Q

patron

A

a man of significant social standing able to offer resources (financial, legal or simply food) to his clients in return for loyalty/public support.

67
Q

clients

A

citizens who were bound to loyalty to a wealthy patron to support him in all his public interest (e.g. in elections) in return for support and resources

68
Q

novus homo

A

‘new man’
one who had not only managed to break into the ranks of the senate, but even to become consul, with no history of consulship in his family lineage

69
Q

amicitia

A

a system of family alliances established to consolidate and further the success of influential Romans. Offered political, legal or financial support to cement interfamilial ties (i.e. marriage)

70
Q

inimicitia

A

an opposite system to amicitia, where individual disagreements could extend into significant hostility between families

71
Q

example of a novus homo

A

Gaius Marius

72
Q

In The land Bill of Tiberius Gracchus what did he propose

A

the redistribution of public land to benefit those suffering from dispossession of their farms whilst they ha been in the service to the Roman army.

73
Q

when did this whole Tiberius situ go down

A

133

74
Q

wot naughty ting did Tiberius do

A

Tiberius bypassed the senate and took his proposal directly to the assembly of the people for confirmation. The bill was vetoes by a fellow tribune whom Tiberius promptly suggested be dismissed

75
Q

what happened after Tiberius did his thang

A

the proposal was passed, his opposing tribune deposed and the land bill was passed by the people of rome independently of the senate.

76
Q

What happened to Tiberius after he passed the law

A

a group of senators (led by the pope) beat Tiberius and 300 of his supporters to death

77
Q

Why was the tiberius situation so important

A

he unleashed the power of the Tribunes and starts a new type of government- can pass laws without the senates permission. A turning point in the political stability of the Roman republic.

78
Q

annual assembly

A
  • happened in summer

- on the field of mars

79
Q

miliary patronage

A

107 BC Marius removed the requirement for soldiers to earn enough to pay for their armour and weapons

now soldiers signed up as a career

this gave power to the general who effectively became the patron of the soldiers (his clients)

80
Q

‘outside of the senate the people of rome were politicaly powerless’

A
  • people had the right to vote
    > however rich more influence > only senators could suggest new laws
  • senate have a lot of power. i.e consuls
    >however, equites, rising class
  • people found power through tribunes. i.e tiberius gracious
81
Q

Tiberius Gracchus in short

A
  • when the senate disregarded his idea to re-disturitue land for the poor, he used his ‘veto’ and the vote of the people to force through the law and remove magistrate Marcus Octavius from office
82
Q

Gaius Gracchus

A
    • followed the route of his brother, used popular demand and the vote of the people to push through laws redistruviuting land, giving soldiers free uniform, lowering the price of grain and giving all italians the vote

A Class Civ- Politics (9 decks)

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