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queen elizabeth - the revolt of the northean earls (1569-70) > Back ground, Mary Queen of Scots and causes > Flashcards

Back ground, Mary Queen of Scots and causes Flashcards

1
Q

why did MQS pose a double threat for QE?

A
  • Mary had a legitimate claim

- she was also Catholic and a figure head for those Catholics in England who wanted the end of Protestant rule.

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2
Q

where did Mary’s claim come from?

A
  • Grandmother Margaret Tudor (daughter of Henry VII)

- this meant that her and Elizabeth were cousins

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3
Q

why was there no doubt in Mary’s legitimacy?

A

she was born in wedlock
- threat for QE as she was considered illegitimate because they believe that Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn was no valid. (this view was help by many foreign enemies.

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4
Q

what was Queen E’s biggest concern regarding foreign powers?

A
  • she feared a catholic crusade
  • led by a coallition of powerful foreign rules and backed by the pope
  • aim of which would to replace QE with MQS
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5
Q

when did MQS begin to become a real threat?

A

mid 1560’s

- rapidly developed through 1568-69

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6
Q

where had Mary spent her youth?

A
  • in France due to the English trying to capture her and her mother moving her to France for safety
  • she grew up in French court.
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7
Q

who did Mary marry in France?

A
  • heir to the French throne
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8
Q

how did Mary’s continuing connection with France increase QE security?

A
  • France’s biggest rival was Spain
  • therefore Spain would never support a French candidate to be the Queen of England as it would give France too much power
  • it would also mean that the French would have control over the English channel and this would prevent Phillip II of Spain from reaching the lands he controlled.
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9
Q

what happened after Mary’s French husband died in 1560?

A
  • MQS returned to Scotland and began to rule as Queen in her own right.
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10
Q

why was Mary’s link with France still strong even though she no longer lived there?

A
  • related to powerful French nobles
  • such as the Guise Family
  • another reason why Phillip would support QE to counter balance the Franco-Scottish alliance.
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11
Q

what happened to Mary during the mid 1560’s in Scotland?

A
  • she face a protestant noble rebellion.
  • 1567 she was imprisoned in one of her own castles Loch Leven
  • she was forced to abdicate (renounce her throne) to her son James
  • 1568 she managed to escape from Scotland
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12
Q

when did Mary arrive in England?

A

May 1968

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13
Q

who’s advice did Elizabeth rely on?

A
  • her most trusted councillor, William Cecil.

- worked together to created the 1558 religious succession to create a moderate religious settlement

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14
Q

what did some members of the Nobility at court think about William and QE’s relationship?

A
  • resented Cecil’s influence with the Queen
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15
Q

why did the court nobles resent the influence of Cecil on the Queen?

A
  • because QE, advised by Cecil, led the country into war with Spain
  • by 1568 Anglo-Spanish relations were deteriorating
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16
Q

how did Cecil make the situation worse between the relationship with Spain and England?

A
  • December 1568 four Spanish ships were carrying bullion (gold and silver) to pay the troop in the Netherlands were took from pirates in England.
  • Cecil ordered that the bullion should be seized which cut off the Spanish army’s pay
  • Spanish gov reacted angrily
  • by the end of 1568 it looked like England was about to be dragged into war with Spain who were much bigger and more powerful, Cecil was blamed for this.
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17
Q

who were the men involved with the Court plot?

A
  • Thomas Howard
  • Duke of Norfolk - Catholic sympathies.
  • Two other members of the northern nobility ( Westmorland and Northumberland.) - Catholics
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18
Q

what was the intentions of the Court plot?

A
  • not to remove Elizabeth from power, they saw themselves as loyal subjects to the Queen.
  • but to remove Cecil.
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19
Q

what initially inspired the court plot?

A
  • motivated by the desire to end the war with Spain

- removal of William Cecil

20
Q

what did the court plot entail?

A
  • emerged in 1568-69
  • Duke of Norfolk was the most senior noble in the realm and would marry Mary
  • this therefore would hopefully increase Norfolks political position and he would have the ability to get rid of Cecil and to ensure that Mary was recognised as the heir.
21
Q

who was the court plot popular amongst?

A
  • resentful Catholic courtiers
  • even Elizabeth’s favourite the earl of Leicester was willing to support the plan, even though he was a committed protestant.
22
Q

how did QE react when she discovered the plan of the court plot and when did she?

A

September 1569
- she was furious and forbade any further discussion of the marriage
-

23
Q

why would the marriage be particularly dangerous for QE?

A
  • the power and wealth of Norfolk
  • coupled with Mary’s claim to be Queen
  • the marriage my over encouraged discontented Catholics to overthrow Elizabeth.
24
Q

who was the Duke of Norfolk?

A
  • grandson of the Duke of Norfolk who negotiated with the rebels in the Pilgrimage of Grace
  • he was brought up in the protestant faith but his sympathies lay with Catholicism.
25
Q

what was Duke of Norfolks role in the events?

A
  • it was ambiguous
  • in 1568 he was the leader of the beneficiary of the court plot
  • his actions was enough to put him under suspicions and he decided to leave the court at London and return to his state September 26th 1569
26
Q

when and what did Norfolk decide to do regarding the rebellion?

A
  • he decided to remain loyal to Elizabeth
  • 1st October 1569 Norfolk wrote to Westmorland telling him not to rebel
  • he returned to the Queen’s court and was imprisoned in the tower
27
Q

how was Norfolks actions between 1568-69 an indirect cause of sparking a rebellion?

A
  • his leadership in the court plot stirred up the resentment of men such as Northumberland and Westmorland.
28
Q

what did Norfolk’s decision to remain loyal to Elizabeth cause for the rebelion?

A

left Westmorland and Northumberland to feel increasingly isolated and undermined the potential threat of the Northern rising.

29
Q

what percentage of the leading families in Yorkshire were still catholic during the 1560’s?

A

75%

30
Q

why was the preservation of Catholicism made possible?

A
  • Elizabeth’s own policies in the early 1560’s created by her 1558 moderate religious settlement that would alle the most moderate Catholics to conform.
31
Q

what is an example of how Elizabeth’s 1558 religious settlement allowed for both Protestants and Catholics to be happy?

A
  • the Thirty-Nine Articles 1563 kept the doctrine of the church as moderate as possible
  • the liturgy of the communion was deliberately made ambiguous so both Catholics and Protestants were able to accept it.
32
Q

what were Church Papists?

A
  • one of a moderate majority of Catholics who conformed outwardly to the Church of England by going to services.
  • her policies led to the development of church papists.
33
Q

what was meant by recusancy?

A
  • Catholics who didn’t attend church services
34
Q

why did the Government introduce a more hard-line approach towards religion?

A
  • increasing threat of Catholic led risings in the north

- fears that Catholics would have divided loyalties to the Queen and the Pope.

35
Q

how did the government begin to enforce the religious settlement more strictly?

A
  • appointed a series of men with strong protestant beliefs to positions in the northern church and gov
  • the aim was to spread protestant ideas as well as clamping down on Catholic activity.
  • e.g. was the appointment of James Pilkington
36
Q

who was James Pilkington?

A
  • he was appointed Bishop of Durham
  • radical protestant views
  • preached against both Catholicism and the power of the traditional nobility.
  • attempted to remove church imagery that reflected Catholicism.
  • these policies made Pilkington very unpopular.
37
Q

what caused resentment amongst Catholic nobles and gentry in the North?

A
  • appointment of Protestant outsiders to key positions in the north
  • causing both religious and political tensions
  • this was because Mary I had previously appointed traditional nobility to important and strategic positions and those who benefited from it were pushed out in favour of protestant outsiders.
  • for example protestant Lord Hunsdon became warden of the East march in 1568 a position previously held by the Earls of Northumberland.
38
Q

what was the affect of appointing protestant nobles to positions in the North?

A
  • extended royal control more extensively in the North.

- however it magnified the tensions felt by northern Catholics regarding political and religious tensions.

39
Q

how did the appointment of protestants to positions in the North provide an economic problem?

A
  • appointment of their rivals to key positions meant that they lost the incomes that these posts brought.
  • Both earls were suffering financially in the 1560’s and gov policy was making their situation worse
40
Q

what examples are there that indicate the Earls were struggling financially?

A
  • the earl of Northumberland wrote to the Earl of Pembroke 1562 asking him to ask the queen for a grant of £1,000 an enormous amount of money at that time.
  • the Earl of Westmorland was forced to borrow £80 from Sir George Bowes in 1568 in the same year.
  • these financial grievances added to the Earls motives for starting the rebellion however are not enough alone to cause it.
41
Q

what are the main factors involved in causing the Earls grievances (summary)?

A
  • political
  • financial
  • religious
  • government intrusion in the north
42
Q

how was the arrival of Mary to England particularly awkward?

A
  • Mary was expecting refuge and help in regaining the Scottish throne
  • she was treated well but
  • due to her being a threat to QE throne Mary could not be allowed to live freely as her presence made her a potential figure head around discontented Catholics.
43
Q

what happened to Mary when she arrived?

A
  • she was placed in comfortable imprisonment

- 1569 she was moved to Tutbury castle due to her not being allowed anywhere near London or the Scottish boarder.

44
Q

why was Elizabeth in a very difficult position after the arrival of MQS?

A
  • she was an anointed queen who had been disposed by her own disobedient subjects
  • QE had strong views about the need for all subkects to obey their monarch
  • therefore if QE was to execute an anointed monarch it was set a dangerous precedent for her own English subjects.
45
Q

why was it not particularly practical for QE to help MQS to regain her throne in Scotland?

A
  • having a minor on the throne (James VI) would weaken the potential threat of invasion from over the boarder
46
Q

what did MQS presence in England put QE under pressure to get sorted?

A
  • put pressure on QE to make the succession to her throne clear.

queen elizabeth - the revolt of the northean earls (1569-70) (9 decks)

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