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Anatomy > Back and Posterior Neck > Flashcards

Back and Posterior Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Trapezius, Latissmus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator sacpulae, serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior

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2
Q

What are the 7 intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

erector spinae (spinalis, longissmus, ilocostalis), splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidus, rotatores, intertransversarii

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3
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up the suboccipital triangle?

A

rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior

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4
Q

What are the 3 muscles that form the posterior neck?

A

anterior scalene, middle scalene, posterior scalene

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5
Q

What nerve innervates all of the 4 suboccipital muscles?

A

suboccipital nerve = cervical nerve 1 (C1)

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6
Q

What is the action of the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

extends and rotates head to same side

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7
Q

What is the action of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

extends head

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8
Q

What is the action of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

extends and bends head laterally

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9
Q

What is the action of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

rotates atlas to turn face to same side

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10
Q

What is the origin of the suboccipital nerve?

A

posterior rami of C1 spinal nerve

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11
Q

What is a “ramus” in nervous system anatomy?

A

branch or division of a nerve

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12
Q

Where does the suboccipital nerve distribute into?

A

muscles of the suboccipital triangle

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13
Q

What is the origin of the greater occipital nerve?

A

posterior ramus of C2 spinal nerve

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14
Q

Where does the greater occipital nerve distribute into?

A

skin over the neck of occipital bone; innervates semispinalis capitis

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15
Q

Where is the vertebral artery found?

A

within the suboccipital triangle

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16
Q

What are the 4 cervical ligaments?

A

alar | apical | cruciate/cruciform (superior band, transverse band, inferior band) | tectorial membrane

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17
Q

What is the alar ligament and its function?

A

attaches dens bilaterally inserting on the base of skull

located behind superior longitudinal band

(Fx): prevents excessive rotation at the joints

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18
Q

What is the apical ligament and its function?

A

connects dense to anterior margin of foramen magnum

(Fx): stability

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19
Q

What is the cruciate ligament?

A

holds dens in articulation

forms = atlanto-axial joint

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of the trapezius muscle?

A

ascending fibers, transverse fibers, descending fibers

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21
Q

What is the proximal attachment (origin) of the trapezius muscle? (4 attachments)

A

external occipital protuberance –> medial third of nucal line –> nuchal ligament –> spinous processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae

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22
Q

What is the distal attachment (insertion) of the trapezius m.? (3 attachments)

A
  • lateral third of clavicle
  • spine of scapula
  • acromion process
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23
Q

What is the innervation and blood supply of the trapezius m.?

A

innervation = spinal accessory nerve, C3 and C4

blood supply = thryocervical trunk + superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

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24
Q

What is the action of the trapezius m.?

A
  • descending fibers = elevates scapula
  • ascending fibers = depresses scapula
  • transverse fibers = retracts scapula
  • descending + ascending fibers together = superiorly rotate glenoid cavity (upward rotation of scapula)
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25
Q

What is the proximal attachment (origin) of the latissmus dorsi?

A
  • spinous process of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae
  • inferior 3-4 ribs
  • thoracolumbar fascia
  • iliac crest
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26
Q

What is the distal attachment (insertion) of the latissmus dorsi m.?

A

floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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27
Q

What innervates the latissmus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal nerve

nerve roots; C6, C7, and C8

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28
Q

What is the action of the latissmus dorsi?

A

extends, adducts, & medially rotates humerus

(ie: swimming or rock climbing)

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29
Q

What is the proximal attachment (origin) of the rhomboid minor?

A
  • nuchal ligament
  • spinous process of C7 to T1 vertebrae
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30
Q

What is the proximal attachment (insertion) of the rhomboid major?

A

spinous process of T2 through T5

31
Q

What is the distal attachment (insertion) of the rhomboid minor?

A

smooth triangular area at the medial border of the scapular spine

32
Q

What is the distal attachment (insertion) of the rhomboid major?

A

along medial border of scapula from scapular spine to the inferior angle

33
Q

What innervates both rhomboid minor and major?

A

dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)

34
Q

What is the action of the rhomboid minor and major?

A
  • retract scapula
  • inferiorly (downward) rotate glenoid cavity
  • fix scapula to thoracic wall
35
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the anterior scalene?

A

transverse processes of C3 to C6 vertebrae

36
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the medius and posterior scalenes?

A

posterior tubercles of the trransverse processes of C5 to C7 vertebrae

37
Q

What is the distal attachment of the anterior scalene?

38
Q

What is the distal attachment of the medius scalene?

A
  • superior surface of 1st rib
  • posterior to groove for subclavian artery
39
Q

What is the distal attachment of the posterior scalene?

A

external border of 2nd rib

40
Q

What innervates the anterior scalene?

A

cervical spinal nerves C4 to C6

41
Q

What innervates the medius scalene?

A

anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves

42
Q

What innervates the posterior scalene?

A

anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C7 and C8

43
Q

What is the action of the anterior and medius scalenes?

A
  • laterally flexes neck
  • elevates 1st rib in forced inspiration
44
Q

What is the action of the posterior scalene?

A
  • laterally flexes neck
  • elevates 2nd rib in forced inspiration
45
Q

What is the proximal attachment (origin) of the sternocleidomastoid m.? (2x)

A
  • lateral surface of mastoid process of temporal bone
  • lateral half of superior nuchal line
46
Q

What is the distal attachment (insertion) of the sternocleidomastoid m.?

A

SCM splits into 2:
- one attaches to the medial third superior surface of clavicle (clavicular head)
- one attaches to the anterior surface of manubrium of sternum (sternal head)

47
Q

What innervates the sternocleidomastoid?

A
  • spinal accessory nerve
  • C3 and C4
48
Q

What are the actions of the sternocleidomastoid m.?

A
  • unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of neck with rotation
  • bilateral contraction: [1] extends neck at atlanto-occipital joints (tilt head backward) ; [2] flexion of cervical vertebra (chin to manubrium) ; [3] extends superior cervical vertebra while flexing inferior cervical vertebra = chin thrust forward
49
Q

What innervates the serratus posterior superior?

A

2nd to 5th intercostal nerves

50
Q

What is the action of the serratus posterior superior?

A

elevates ribs

51
Q

What innervates the serratus posterior inferior?

A
  • 9th to 11th intercostal nerves
  • T12 (subcostal) nerve
52
Q

What is the action of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

depresses ribs

53
Q

Where is the levator scapulae located?

A

superior medial border of scapula to root of scapular spine –> transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebra

54
Q

What innervates the levator scapulae?

A
  • dorsal scapular nerves (C5)
  • cervical nerves C3 and C4
55
Q

What is the action of the levator scapulae?

A
  • elevates scapula
  • inferiorly (downwards) rotation of glenoid cavity
56
Q

Where is the splenius cervicis located?

A

attached to C1 (atlas) vertebra and spinous process of thoracic vertebra

57
Q

Where is the splenius capitis located?

A

attached to lateral third of superior nuchal line and spinous process of C7 vertebra

58
Q

What innervates the splenius capitis and cervicis?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

59
Q

What is the action of splenius capitis and cervicis?

A
  • independently: laterally flexes neck, rotates head to side of active muscles
  • together: extends head and neck
60
Q

What is the location of semispinalis capitis and semispinalis cervicis?

A

semispinalis cervicis is under the semispinalis capitis layer and is inferior to the rectus capitis major

semispinalis capitis has an attachment to the occipital bone

61
Q

What innervates the semispinalis capitis and cervicis?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

62
Q

What is the action of the semispinalis capitis and cervicis?

A

extends head, cervical and thoracic regions of vertebral column; rotates them contralaterally

63
Q

What makes up the erector spinae? Where are they located?

A

Along the spine from medial to lateral order:
[1] spinalis (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
[2] longissmus (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
[3] iliocostalis (cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)

64
Q

What innervates the erector spinae?

A

posterior rami of the spinal nerves

65
Q

What action does the erector spinae perform?

A

unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column

bilaterally: extend vertebral column and head
—when flexing back - controls movement via eccentric contraction

66
Q

Where are the rotatores located?

A

attaches between the transverse vertebral processes to lamina of vertebra

brevis = short = touches 2 vertebras
longus = long = touches/extends 3 vertebras

67
Q

What innervates the rotatores?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

68
Q

What action do the rotatores perform?

A

proprioception; stabilize vertebral column during movements

69
Q

Where are the multifidus located?

A

broad and long muscle

between the transverse and spinous processes of vertebra and spans from C2 to iliac crest/sacrum

70
Q

What innervates the multifidus?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

71
Q

What action does the multifidus perform?

A

unilateral contraction rotates to opposite side; stabilizes vertebral column

72
Q

Where are the intertransversarii m. located?

A

between vertebral transverse processes and notches

73
Q

What innervates the intertransversarii m.?

A

posterior AND anterior rami spinal nerves

74
Q

What action do the intertransversarii m. perform?

A

aids in lateral flexion of vertebral column; stabilizes vertebral column

Anatomy (9 decks)

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