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BMAT bio > B9: Animal physiology 2 > Flashcards

B9: Animal physiology 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

respiratory system found

A

in thorax

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2
Q

structure of respiratory systrm

A

air enters through nose, mouth

then through the larynx (voice box).

passes into a tube called the trachea.

trachea splits - two smaller tubes called the bronchi.

One bronchus enters each lung a- split into bronchioles.

At the end of the bronchioles -air sacs called alveoli (singular = alveolus).

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3
Q

the trachea has rings of cartilage to

A

ensures airway remains open

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4
Q

bronchi + bronchioles contain

A

cartilage

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5
Q

surrounding the lungs…

A

rib cage.
consists of the rib bones with intercostal muscles between them.
Together with the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle found under the lungs, these are important for breathing in and out.

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6
Q

function of the respiratory sustem

A
  • provide the body with sufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration.
  • removes carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration.
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7
Q

gas exchane occurs between

A

alveoli and the blood

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8
Q

the bronchi has…

A

cells lining the bronchi
produce mucus
to trap any particles in the inhaled air.
Small hairs, called cilia, on the cells
then move the mucus up to the top of the trachea
where it can be swallowed into the acid contents of the stomach in the digestive system.
This destroys them and then they are removed from the body.

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9
Q

what is ventilation

A

the process of breathing in (inhaling) and breathing out (exhaling).
allows the air within the respiratory system to be exchanged with the air outside the body.

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10
Q

in vertebrates ventilation relies on…

A

the movement of the ribs and the diaphragm inside the thorax (chest).
The ribs surround the lungs and are connected to each other by intercostal muscles.
These muscles can contract and relax to change the position of the rib cage.
The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle underneath the lungs.

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11
Q

normal exhalation aka

A

passive exhalation

uses only the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to expel air.

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12
Q

active inhalation…

A

forceful exhalation is required

the muscles of the abdominal wall can also contract.

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13
Q

inhalation process

A

intercostal muscles contract and pull the ribs up and outwards.
diaphragm contracts and flattens downwards
increases (volume) within the thoracic cavity.
lowers the air pressure inside the thoracic cavity compared to outside the body.
Air from outside the body enters the lungs via the trachea and bronchi to equalise the pressure.

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14
Q

exhalation process

A

intercostal muscles relax and pull the ribs down and inwards.
diaphragm relaxes and becomes domed (moves upwards towards the lungs).
decreases (volume) within the thoracic cavity.
reduced volume increases the air pressure inside the thoracic cavity compared to outside the body.
Air from inside the lungs is forced out of the body through the bronchi and trachea to equalise the pressure.

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15
Q

when does gas exhange occur

A

gases diffuse across the capillary and alveolar walls.

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16
Q

what happens in gas exchange

A

Oxygen moves along the trachea,
into a bronchus
into a bronchiole.
to an alveolus (air sac, plural = alveoli).

Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus
into the blood capillary
carbon dioxide will diffuse in the opposite direction.
Both gases will move from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration.

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17
Q

once o2 in blood

A

binds haemoglobin
found in red blood cells.
Haemoglobin will transport the oxygen around the body to the cells that need it for aerobic respiration.

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18
Q

what happens to co2 in gas exchange

A

transported in the blood plasma
from the cells to the lungs
where it is excreted.
It is removed in the air which is exhaled from the lungs.

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19
Q

adaptations of the body for efficient gas exchange

A

alveoli have a large surface area
across which diffusion can occur.

thousands of alveoli in each lung,
increasing the surface for diffusion further.

The alveoli and capillary walls are only one cell thick
diffusion distance is short.

The capillaries are wrapped around the alveoli,
reducing the distance that the gases must diffuse.

Blood constantly flows through the capillaries.
This maintains the concentration gradients of each gas. This makes sure that both gases diffuse rapidly and in the correct direction.

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20
Q

what does sf area to vol ratio mean

A

A large surface area to volume ratio is one where the surface area is large compared to its volume.
e.g mouse

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21
Q

how + why does sf: vol affect gas exchnage

A

Increasing the surface area to volume ratio
increase the rate at which gas exchange by diffusion occurs.

large surface area presents a large surface over which diffusion can occur,
making it quicker.

small volume, then the distance that a gas like oxygen has to diffuse before it reaches the centre of an object is small, so it will be quicker.

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22
Q

what is the circulatory system

A

consists of the heart
which pumps blood around the body and the blood vessels that are used to transport it.
Each organ has a set of blood vessels bringing blood to and from the cells of that organ.

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23
Q

Heart

Lungs

Liver

Kidneys

A

Coronary

Pulmonary

Hepatic

Renal

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24
Q

veins description + function

A
  • Contains valves - to prevent blood flowing backwards.
  • Wide lumen (space inside vessel).
  • Relatively thin vessel walls with less muscle and elastic tissue.
  • Carries blood at lower pressure.
  • Usually carries deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein).
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25
Q

ateries description + function

A
  • No valves along the length of the vessel.
  • Narrow lumen (space inside vessel).
  • Thick walls made of muscle and elastic tissue to prevent bursting.
  • Carries higher pressure blood.
  • Usually carries oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery).
26
Q

capillaries description + function

A

Capillaries are very small vessels
with walls made of a single layer of cells.
These allow substances to pass easily from the blood into body cells.

27
Q

exercise and hormones such as adrenaline do what to the heart

A

increase the rate at which the heart beats,
allowing blood to circulate faster
delivering more oxygen to muscle cells
for aerobic respiration.

28
Q

four major components in blood

A

red blood cells,
white blood cells
and platelets
plasma- water liquid that transports above

29
Q

what is plasma + what does it store

A

watery liquid
cells are transported in
contains dissolved glucose, urea and amino acids, as well as most of the carbon dioxide and some proteins like hormones and antibodies.
makes up 55% of the volume of blood.

30
Q

RBC FUNCTION, ADAPTATION

A

a biconcave disc.
: function is to transport oxygen around the body.
To do this, oxygen binds to the protein haemoglobin in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells. Oxygen can be picked up by red blood cells in the lungs and released into respiring tissues.

31
Q

a mature red blood cell has

A

large surface area for diffusion of oxygen
lots of haemoglobin protein in its cytoplasm
no nucleus or other structures : more room for haemoglobin.

32
Q

lymphocytes vs phagocytes.

A

Lymphocytes :
produce antibodies, (proteins that target specific markers (antigens) on bacteria and viruses, destroying them.)
form memory cells (involved in secondary immune response).

phagocytes: ingest or engulf pathogens +
digest them using enzymes
to prevent damage to body cells.

33
Q

what are platelets + function

A

small fragments of cells.
contain no nucleus.
role : help blood clot at a wound site.
this stops blood loss and prevents microbes from entering the body. Clotting occurs

34
Q

when does clotting occur

A

when a series of enzymes convert a soluble protein called fibrinogen
into the insoluble fibrin.
This creates a mesh of fibres
that traps platelets and red blood cells,
forming the clot.

35
Q

What is the relationship between the gas exchange and circulatory systems?

A

gas exchange system (lungs) : exchange inhaled oxygen with carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) : transport blood all around the body. 
heart pumps the blood to all parts of the body including the lungs.

Oxygen is loaded onto the haemoglobin in red blood cells when blood flows through the lungs. This is then pumped around the body so that cells can obtain oxygen for aerobic respiration.

The aerobically respiring cells will also deposit waste carbon dioxide from aerobic respiration into the blood plasma. This is then transported to the lungs for excretion.

36
Q

what would happen without the constant movement of the blood through the circulatory system

A

the cells of the body would not obtain oxygen.
exchange of gases in the alveoli would also stop
as the concentration gradients for diffusion
were not being maintained.

37
Q

Why do we need gas exchange and transport systems?

A

small surface area to volume ratio.
diffusion alone = oxygen would take a very long time to reach the cells in the centre of the organism.

to make the process faster, animals have a transport system
which takes the oxygen close to a large number of cells throughout the body.
This ensures that their cells are supplied with oxygen more rapidly.
They also have specially adapted gas exchange surfaces
to ensure that a large volume of oxygen enters the body with each breath.

38
Q

The digestive system is the organ system that is involved in:

A

the breakdown of large insoluble molecules found in food into their soluble products
and
the absorption of these products of digestion.

39
Q

Food passes through the digestive system in the following order:

A

1) mouth
2) oesophagus
3) stomach
4) small intestine
5) large intestine.

40
Q

what is peristalsis + function

A

waves of muscular contraction that move the bolus (ball of food) along.

Food is moved through the digestive system

41
Q

role of hcl

A

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills bacteria

provides the correct pH for protease

42
Q

role of bile + pancreatic juice

A

contain hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) ions
to neutralise the stomach acid
when it enters the small intestine
provide the alkaline conditions
needed by the enzymes present in the small intestine.

43
Q

salivary glands enzymes

A

amylase lipsase

44
Q

stomach enzymes

A

hcl
protease
lipase

45
Q

pancreas enzyme

A

pancreatic juice
protease
amylase
lipases

46
Q

small intestine enzyme

A

protease
carbohydrase
lipase

47
Q

vili adaptation

A

many blood capillaries = excellent blood supply to carry away the products of digestion

The flow of blood maintains a steep concentration gradient
diffusion is as rapid and efficient as possible.

48
Q

he structure and function of the excretory system

A

Excretion = removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements
.involved in this process, including the liver, lungs, skin and kidneys.

49
Q

liver role- excretory

A

body not able to store proteins/amino acids
excess amino acids broken down by the liver deamination.
nitrogen component is converted to urea.
This can be toxic if its level in the blood gets too high, so urea is excreted by the kidneys.

liver also breaks down haemoglobin from red blood cells.
The product is a yellow/green bile pigment called bilirubin.
This is excreted with bile into the small intestine. Bilirubin is expelled with faeces.

50
Q

The lungs- excretory

A

remove carbon dioxide from the body,

waste product of aerobic respiration.

51
Q

The skin - excretory

A

produces sweat, - sodium chloride and traces of urea dissolved in water.
Sweating could be considered to be an excretory process, but it is not a response to changes in blood composition so skin is not an excretory organ in the same sense as the lungs or kidneys.

52
Q

The kidneys- excretion

A

blood filteration
the removal of urea
adjustment of the ion content
adjustment of the water content.

53
Q

Each kidney receives blood from…
The blood is filtered to remove…. urea, excess water and salts.
The filtered blood is returned to the…

A

the aorta via a renal artery.
urea, excess water and salts.
vena cava via a renal vein.

54
Q

what is urine + where is passed to

A

The mixture of substances removed from the blood plasma (the filtrate)

passes down a ureter to the bladder, where it is stored.

55
Q

what crontrols release of urine through urethra

A

A sphincter muscle at the base of the bladder

56
Q

kideny structure

A

Blood enters a kidney through a renal artery.
divides into arterioles and capillaries in the cortex.

Each capillary becomes knotted to form a glomerulus, which is surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule.

This leads to a convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule passes down into the medulla, where it forms the loop of Henle, returning to a distal convoluted tubule in the cortex again.

The tubule joins a collecting duct, which passes down through the medulla into the pelvis of the kidney.

57
Q

nephron function

A

The wall of the capillary of the glomerulus acts as a filter. As the blood enters the glomerulus, its pressure increases.

Large structures and large molecules are retained within the capillary,
smaller molecules are forced out by ultrafiltration. filtration under pressure.

filtrate is collected by the renal capsule
passes into the renal tubule.

As the filtrate passes along the tubule, selective reabsorption takes place into the capillaries surrounding the tubule.

Glucose is reabsorbed by diffusion and active transport.

Water is reabsorbed by osmosis, along with some salts by diffusion and active transport to maintain the correct concentration in the blood.

Salts not needed by the body, along with urea and uric acid, continue along the tubule into a collecting duct in the medulla.

The collecting duct delivers the filtrate to the pelvis of the kidney, where the fluid (urine) passes into a ureter to transfer it to the bladder for storage.

Urine is retained in the bladder by a sphincter muscle at its base.

When the sphincter muscle relaxes, the muscle wall of the bladder contracts to expel the urine (a process called urination) through the urethra.

58
Q

role of kidney in homeostasis

A

remove chemicals which might poison enzymes in cells.

control the levels of salts (ions), acids and water in the blood.

59
Q

what is homeostatis

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment.

60
Q

water control- hot day

A

more sweating : to maintain a constant body temp
more water is lost in sweat.

kidneys produce a smaller volume of more concentrated urine
to conserve water in the body.
Without this body could become dehydrated.

61
Q

water control - cold day

A

less sweating : less water is lost in sweat.
kidneys produce a larger volume of less concentrated urine.
Without, body could become over-hydrated.

cells would take in the surplus water by osmosis, become swollen and burst

62
Q

ADH role

A

regulation of how much water is excreted by the kidneys

BMAT bio (14 decks)

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