B9: Animal physiology

Question 1

why does respiration occur

Answer 1

for cells to release energy

Question 2

enzyme is catalyed by…

Answer 2

enzymes

so rate of respiration sensitive to temp +pH changes

Question 3

energy from respiraiton used to fuel

Answer 3

• protein synthesis and making other new molecules
• active transport
• cell division
• muscle contraction.

Question 4

aerobic respiration requires

Answer 4

oxygen

Question 5

aerobic is more…+ releases….

Answer 5

efficent than anaerobic respiration

releases more energy

Question 6

energy is in the form

Answer 6

ATP

Question 7

in euk cells, aerobic respiratipn takes place

Answer 7

in mitochondria

Question 8

in prok, aerobic respiration takes place

Answer 8

in cytoplasm

Question 9

word equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 9

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

Question 10

anaerobic respiration occurs without

Answer 10

oxygen

Question 11

anerobic respiration releases…

Answer 11

less energy than aerobic

but important fot cells that can’t obtsain sufficient o2

Question 12

word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

Answer 12

Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy (ATP)

Question 13

lactic acid is… so must be….

Answer 13

toxic

removed

Question 14

rate of respiration when exercising

Answer 14

increases
as muscle cells need more energy
for contraction
to produce movement

Question 15

during exercise….

Answer 15

breathing rate increases
heart starts to beat faster
allowing more O2 to reach muscle cells
allows more aerobic respiraiton to take place + more CO2 to be removed

Question 16

during exercies the body may….

Answer 16

break down glycogen stores
in liver + muscles
to get more glucose

Question 17

what happens if cells dont get enough O2 during exercies

Answer 17

cells will start to use anaerobic respiration
produces lactic acid in muscles
causing pain + tiredness

Question 18

explain oxygen debt

Answer 18

after exercies breathing rate may remain high
extra O2 taken in
to replenish oxygen debt required
to remove toxic lactic acid from body

Question 19

what is the nervous system

Answer 19

rapid communicaiton system of bodies in animals
made of several diff types of cells
that use electrical impulses to send cellular messages
producing quick, short lived respones

Question 20

the nervous system uses…

Answer 20

system of nervees
that connect organs + tissues
these link to CNS
which coordinates inputs from other nerves

Question 21

neurone is…

Answer 21

one of the cells in the nervous system

Question 22

nerves are made of

Answer 22

bundles of axons of neurones

Question 23

what is the CNS

Answer 23

made of brain - protected by skull

spinal cord - collection of nerves running down spine

Question 24

how are impulses send to and from CNS

Answer 24

nerves from receptors 
in sense organs 
bring impusles to spinal chord 
which then sends to brain for processing 
brain inteprets impulses
\+ responds by sending impulse 
via spinal chord to to nerves
connected to organs + tissues of body

Question 25

what is a neurone description+ function

Answer 25

nerve cell
transmit electrical impulses
all neurones contain single nucleus in cell body
+ extensions of cytoplasm
allowing electical impulses to travel through them

Question 26

diff types of neurones?

Answer 26

sensory
relay
motor

Question 27

sensory neurones….

Answer 27

connect receptors (detect stimuli in environment)
with CNS

Question 28

relay neurones…

Answer 28

found in CNS
connect sensory + motor neurones
to allow communication to + from brain

Question 29

motor neurones…

Answer 29

connect CNS to effectors

Question 30

what are effectors

Answer 30

parts of body
that produce response
to electrical impulse

Question 31

an axon is the

Answer 31

long section of neurone

through which electrical impulse can travel

Question 32

axon is surrounded bt

Answer 32

myelin sheath

Question 33

the myelin sheath

Answer 33

protects axon

makes impulse travel faster

Question 34

dendrites

Answer 34

allow connections to be made to other neurones

Question 35

what is a synapse

Answer 35

small gap between two neurones
allow neurones to transmit electrical impulses to each other.
also allow multiple neurones to connect with each other at once.

Question 36

how do impulses cross synapse

Answer 36

electrical impulse travels along the axon of a neurone until it reaches the end of the neurone.
Here the impulse causes a chemical to be released into the synapse. -neurotransmitter
it diffuses from the axon across the synapse
to the neurone on the other side.
When reaches the surface of the dendrite, it binds to a receptor
which allows the electrical impulse to be regenerated. new impulse then travels down the axon of the other neurone.
This process happens very quickly.

Question 37

what is a reflex arc used for

Answer 37

required in order to produce a quick reflex action.
to protect the body from harm
occur very rapidly.
they do not require processing in the brain.

Question 38

describe the process of a reflex arc

Answer 38

receptor detects a stimulus.

receptor generates an electrical impulse
which passes to a sensory neurone.
electrical impulse passes down the axon of the sensory neurone to the spinal cord.
There the message crosses a synapse, using chemical neurotransmitters,
producing an impulse within a relay neurone
in the central nervous system.

The electrical impulse in the relay neurone connects via another synapse to a motor neurone.
the impulse progresses along the motor neurone
till it connects with an appropriate effector.

The effector- muscle -contract when it receives the impulse.
ontraction will move the body away from the source of harm.