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RDS Test 1 > B8.003 Female Reproductive Organs > Flashcards

B8.003 Female Reproductive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

function of ligaments in the female repro system

A

support organs in pelvis and provide a conduit for vessels and nerves

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2
Q

all of the ligaments of the female repro system

A
  1. broad
    - medometrium
    - mesosalpinx
    - mesovarium
  2. ovarian
  3. suspensory ligaments of ovary
  4. round ligaments of uterus
  5. cardinal ligaments
  6. pubocervical ligaments
  7. uterosacral ligaments
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3
Q

composition of broad ligament

A

double layer of peritoneum

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4
Q

layout of croad ligament

A

extends from the sides of the uterus to the lateral walls and floor of the pelvis, where it becomes continuous with the parietal peritoneum

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5
Q

sections of broad ligament

A

mesometrium
mesosalpinx
mesovarium

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6
Q

mesometrium

A

below ovary to uterine body

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7
Q

mesovarium

A

attaches ovary to broad ligament

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8
Q

mesosalpinx

A

between ovary and fallopian tube

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9
Q

uterovesical fold

A

anterior peritoneal fold which reflects from the junction of the uterine body and cervix onto the bladder

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10
Q

uterovesical pouch

A

created from uterovesicular fold

anteriorly between bladder and uterus

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11
Q

rectovaginal fold

A

posterior peritoneal fold which reflects from the posterior vaginal fornix onto the rectum

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12
Q

rectouterine pouch

A

created from rectovaginal fold
between vagina and rectum
most inferior aspect of the peritoneal cavity, and therefore is the first location where free fluid accumulates

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13
Q

ovarian ligament

A

within/part of the broad ligament
round, cord shaped thickening
attaches the ovary to the uterus

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14
Q

suspensory ligament

A

within/part of the broad ligament
attaches the ovary to the pelvic wall
contains ovarian vessels and nerve

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15
Q

round ligament

A

originates at uterine horn, passes through the broad ligament, enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ring and ends in the connective tissue of the labium majus in the perineum
remnant of gubernaculum

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16
Q

uterine horn

A

area where fallopian tubes enter uterus

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17
Q

cardinal ligament

A

arise from the side of the cervix and the lateral fornix of the vagina
attaches on lateral pelvic wall
contains uterine artery and vein
provides primary support in maintaining uterine position and preventing prolapse

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18
Q

significance of position of cardinal ligament in hysterectomy

A

have to be careful not to severe ureter; runs closely with uterine artery which is within the cardinal ligament

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19
Q

pubocervical ligament

A

attaches cervix to posterior surface of pubic symphysis

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20
Q

uteerosacral ligament

A

attaches cervix to sacrum

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21
Q

clinical relevance of uterine ligaments

A

weak or damaged uterine ligaments and/or pelvic muscles can lead to prolapse
uterus falls through the vagina :(

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22
Q

description of ovaries

A

paired, oval organs

thumb sized

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23
Q

primary functions of ovaries

A 
produce oocytes (female gametes) in preparation for fertilization
produce steroids (estrogen and progesterone)
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24
Q

3 histo sections of ovary

A

germinal epithelium
cortex
medulla

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25
Q

germinal epithelium of ovary

A

simple cuboidal epithelium covering the ovary

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26
Q

ovary cortex

A

outer portion
connective tissue stroma
contains maturing follicles, corpora lutea

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27
Q

ovary medulla

A

inner portion
connective tissue
neruovascular network
enters hilum from mesovarium

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28
Q

ovarian tumors

A

any cell type in the ovary can be the origin of an ovarian tumor

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29
Q

polycystic ovaries

A

hormone dysfunction and multiple (>10) ovarian cysts

associated with infertility (excessive androgens and abnormal follicle development)

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30
Q

ovarian cyts

A

fluid filled masses

can be physiological and regress on their own

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31
Q

location of fallopian tubes

A

paired, muscular J shaped tubes
upper border of the broad ligament
extend laterally from uterus
open into abdominal cavity, near the ovaries

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32
Q

primary function of fallopian tubes

A

assist in the transport of the ovum, transport of sperm to the egg, provide environment for fertilization, and then transport the egg/embryo to the uterus

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33
Q

external structure of fallopian tubes

A 
10-14 cm long
less than 1 cm in external diameter
4 sections:
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
intramural
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34
Q

infundibulum

A

1-2 cm
funnel shaped, contains opening to peritoneal cavity and fimbria
fimbria extend over the ovary’s surface during ovulation to guide free egg into the fallopian tube

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35
Q

ampulla

A

7-8 cm long

crescent shaped around the ovary, fertilization usually occurs here

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36
Q

isthmus

A

3-6 cm long

constriction at the transition to the uterus

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37
Q

intramural

A

enters the uterus

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38
Q

internal structure of fallopian tubes

A
  1. adventitial layer on surface contains blood vessels and nerves
  2. muscular wall: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
  3. mucosa: folds of epithelium in the inner portion
    on fimbriated end: less muscle, more mucosa
    on isthmus end: signifcant musculature, less mucosal folding
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39
Q

fallopian tube epithelium

A

ciliated columnar and non-ciliated secretory epithelial cells

40
Q

smooth muscle layers in fallopian tube

A

contract to assist with transportation of the ova and sperm

41
Q

ciliated cells of fallopian tube

A

responsive to estrogen

help propel the ovum/embryo toward the uterus

42
Q

tubal ligation

A

surgical cutting of the uterine tubes for sterilization

oocyte unable to pass into uterus

43
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of tubes usually due to bacterial infection
can cause adhesions of the mucosa, may block lumen
may result in infertility or an ectopic pregnancy

44
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

medical emergency

implanted blastocyst can cause rupture and hemorrhage of the affected tube

45
Q

fallopian tube carcinoma

A

majority of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma is thought to arise from serous tubal intraepithelial carcinomas

46
Q

torsion of tube

A

allowed due to wide mesosalpinx of the ampullary segment of the tube
can result in ischemic atrophy of ampullary segment

47
Q

description of uterus

A

thick walled muscular organ
posterosuperior to bladder
anterior to rectum
connected distally to vagina and laterally to fallopian tubes

48
Q

function of uterus

A

site for implantation and nourishment of the fetus

play a role in labor and delivery

49
Q

parts of the uterus

A

fundus
body
cervix

50
Q

fundus

A

convex upper segment of the uterus

above entry point of fallopian tubes

51
Q

body of uterus

A

usual site for implantation of blastocyst

52
Q

cervix

A

lower part of uterus linking it with the vagina

structurally and functionally different to the rest of the uterus

53
Q

tissue layers of fundus and body of uterus

A 
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
-deep stratum basalis
-superficial stratum functionalis
54
Q

perimetrium

A

double layered membrane

continuous with abdominal peritoneum

55
Q

myometrium

A

thick smooth muscle layer

undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy in preparation to expel the fetus at birth

56
Q

endometrium

A

inner mucous membrane lining the uterus

  • deep stratum basalis
  • superficial stratum functionalis
57
Q

deep stratum basalis

A

outer portion of endometrium
changes little throughout the menstrual cycle
not shed at menstruation
regenerates the functionalis

58
Q

superficial stratum functionalis

A 
inner portion of endometrium
overlying epithelium
invaginating glands
supportive, vascular stroma
sheds during menstruation and regenerates from cells in the basalis layer
59
Q

endometrial phases of cycle

A 
proliferative
secretory
menstrual
postmenopausal
**changes in response to E2 and P4 to provide and optimal environment supporting implantation and fetal development**
60
Q

endometrial carcioma

A

most common malignancy of female repro tract
found around menopause
abnormal uterine bleeding

61
Q

fibroids

A

most common benign tumors in women
myometrium tumor
often asymptomatic, but if large enough the mass can cause symptoms including heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility

62
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue at sites outside of the uterus, commonly ovaries and ligaments of uterus
ectopic tissue is still responsive to E2, thus cyclic proliferation and bleeding will occur
associated with dysmenorrhea and/or infertility

63
Q

hysterectomy

A

surgical removal of uterus

usually as a result of cervical or uterine cancer

64
Q

cervix

A

lower portion of the uterus that connects the vagina with the main body of the uterus
distinct from uterus

65
Q

function of cervix

A

control of movement into and out of uterus

  • facilitates passage of sperm into the uterine cavity via dilation of the external and internal os
  • maintains sterility of the upper female repro tract via frequent shedding of the endometrium, thick cervical mucous, and a narrow external os
  • plays a role in delivery of fetus
66
Q

regions of the cervix

A

cervical canal
external os
internal os

67
Q

cervical canal

A

hollow orifice through the cervix that connects the uterine cavity to the hollow lumen of the vagina

68
Q

external os

A

connecting cervical canal to the lumen of the vagina
small circular opening surrounded by external tissue of the cervix
rounded and convex

69
Q

internal os

A

connecting the cervical canal to the uterine cavity

small circular opening where the cervical canal narrows before opening into the uterus

70
Q

endocervical canal epithelium

A

single layer of mucin secreting columnar epithelium

deep cleft infoldings or “glands”

71
Q

ectocervical epithelium

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

72
Q

junction between 2 epithelial types in cervix

A

squamocolumnar junction and transformation zone

site of origin of cervical cancer

73
Q

2 types of cervical cancer

A
  1. squamous cell carcinoma (ectocervical)

2. adenocarcinoma (glandular lining)

74
Q

cause of cervical cancers

A

HPV infection of the female genitalia

vaccinations exist

75
Q

pap smear

A

lightly scrape cells from cervix to assess for dysplasia suggestive of precancerous changes

76
Q

cervicitis

A

chronic inflammation and infection of the cervix
most commonly by chlamydia or neisseria gonorrheoae
usually asymptomatic
complications: pain, discharge, bleeding, PID, infertility

77
Q

vagina

A

strong, hollow, fibromuscular canal approximately 7-9 cm long
extends from uterus to the vestibule of the external genitalia where it opens to the exterior

78
Q

roles of vagina in the female

A

sexual intercourse
childbirth
menstruation

79
Q

histo layers of vagina

A

inner to outer

  1. stratified squamous
  2. elastic lamina propria
  3. fibromuscular layer
  4. adventitia
80
Q

vaginal stratified squamous epithelium

A

provides protection
lubricated by cervical mucus
low vaginal pH of 4.5 prevent infection by other organisms

81
Q

vaginal elastic lamina propria

A

dense connective tissue layer which projects papillae into the overlying epithelium

82
Q

fibromuscular layer of vagina

A

smooth muscle fibers indistinctly arranged in 3 layers: outer longitudinal layer, circumferential layer, poorly differentiated inner longitudinal layer

83
Q

adventitia of vagina

A

fibrous layer

provides additional strength to vagina while binding it to surrounding structures

84
Q

vaginal neoplasms

A

squamous intraepithelial lesions: atypical premalignant squamous epithelial lesion of the vagina related to HPV

85
Q

vaginal fistula

A

open communication between vagina and one of the adjacent pelvic organs
result of prolonged labor: fetus exerts pressure on vaginal wall limiting blood supply and results in necrosis
primarily occure between vagina and the bladder, urethra, and rectum

86
Q

vaginal candidiasis

A

yeast infection
candida albicans (90%)
natural flora disrupted: abx therapy, douching
treated with antifungals

87
Q

ovarian artery

A

branch from the aorta
carried in suspensory ligament
enters ovary at hilum
branches supply fallopian tube

88
Q

uterine artery

A

branch from internal iliac, carried in cardinal ligament
supplies uterus, branches to supply ovary and fallopian tube
branches to supply vagina

89
Q

uterine veins

A

drain to hypogastric

90
Q

ovarian veins

A

R drains to IVC

L drains to L renal vein

91
Q

vaginal artery

A

branch from internal iliac

supplies uterus, vagina

92
Q

vaginal veins

A

drain to internal iliac vein

93
Q

innervation of ovary/tubes

A

superior mesenteric and renal plexus
ovarian plexus
pelvic splanchnic nerves

94
Q

innervation of uterus/vagina

A

superior hypogastric plexus
sensory impulses enter T11-L1
uterovaginal pelvic plexus
pelvic splanchnic nerves

95
Q

innervation of inferior portion of vagina

A 
SOMATIC
pudendal nerve (S2-4)
96
Q

lymphatic drainage of the female repro organs

A

honestly nobody has ever made us learn lymphatics so lets hope that continues to ring true bc i dont want to do this one

RDS Test 1 (22 decks)

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