B7 Nucleic Acids and B8 Protein synthesis

Question 1

What are the three things a nucleotide is made from?

Answer 1

Bases , deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate

Question 2

Is a nucleotide a polymer or monomer?

Answer 2

monomer

Question 3

How are the three components of nucleotides formed?

Answer 3

Via condensation reactions (2)

Question 4

What are the two purines?

Answer 4

Adenine and Guanine

Question 5

What are the two Pyrimidines

Answer 5

Thymine and Cytosine

Question 6

What is the rule with both purines and pyrimidines?

Answer 6

There will be equal amounts of Thymine and Adenine and equal amount of cytosinea and guanine

Question 7

What do we call 3 bases

Answer 7

Codon

Question 8

What is a particular range of proteins that a cell makes called?

Answer 8

Proteome

Question 9

What are the characteristics of RNA?

Answer 9

• Single stranded
• Contains Uracil instead of Thymine
• It doesn’t have any complimentary bases
• No hydrogen bonds
• Sugar deoxyribose isn’t present instead there is ribose sugar

Question 10

What are the characteristics of mRNA?

Answer 10

• Single stranded polynucleotide chain
• Shorter than DNA
• Sequences of bases are complimentary to the sequence of bases it is copying
• No hydrogen bonding
  -Several 100s-1000s nucleotides in a chain
• Ribose sugar

Question 11

What are the characteristics of tRNA?

Answer 11

• Single stranded
• Contains Adenine and Guanine
• Contains Cytosine and Uracil
• Hydrogen bonds are present in parts of molecule
• This creates a clover-like shape
• About 75 nucleotides in a chain

Question 12

What type of sugar does mRNA have?

Answer 12

Ribose sugar

Question 13

What type of sugar does tRNA have?

Answer 13

Ribose sugar

Question 14

What type of sugar does DNA contain?

Answer 14

Deoxyribose sugar

Question 15

What bases does mRNA contain?

Answer 15

Purine bases: Adenine or guanine
Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine and Uracil

Question 16

What bases does DNA contain?

Answer 16

Purine bases: Adenine Guanine
Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine and Thymine

Question 17

What bases does tRNA contain?

Answer 17

Purine bases: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine and Uracil

Question 18

What are the characteristics of DNA?

Answer 18

• Contains deoxyribose sugar
  -Contains Adenine, guanine, cytosine and Thymine
• Has 2 polynucleotide strands (double-stranded)
• Hydrogen bonding present
• ## Many millions of nucleotides in a chain

Question 19

What is the Chargaff’s rule?

Answer 19

That there will be equal amounts of adenine and thymine and also equal amounts of Guanine and Cytosine.

Question 20

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 20

Protein and rRNA

Question 21

Describe Chloroplast DNA.

Answer 21

• Less genes
• Circular not linear
• Shorter than DNA in nucleus

Question 22

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 22

Adenosine TriPhosphate

Question 23

What is the structure of ATP like?

Answer 23

• Similar to RNA
• It is made of a molecule of ribose and adenine (adenosine) and three phosphate groups

Question 24

How to you turn ATP to ADP?

Answer 24

Hydrolyse the covalent bonds between phosphate groups using an ATP hydrolase enzyme and energy is released. We are then left with 2 phosphate groups (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate

Question 25

How do you turn ADP back into ATP?

Answer 25

Via a condensation reaction using the ATP synthase enzyme

Question 26

What is the DNA in chromosomes held in place by and wrapped around in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 26

Histones (proteins)

Question 27

What is DNA and histones together called?

Answer 27

Chromatin Fibres

Question 28

What is a Karyotype?

Answer 28

All 46 chromosomes in each cell

Question 29

What is homologous pairing?

Answer 29

- When mother and father chromosomes join and they "carry the same genes in the same positions. They are also the same shape"

Question 30

What does loci (locus) mean?

Answer 30

Location of a gene

Question 31

Why is DNA long?

Answer 31

To store more information

Question 32

Why is DNA double stranded?

Answer 32

Allows for a template during transcription or replication

Question 33

Why is DNA a double helix?

Answer 33

Coiled which makes it more compact

Question 34

What is a gene?

Answer 34

A section of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 35

What are the two processes in proteins synthesis?

Answer 35

Transcription and translation

Question 36

Describe the process of transcription.

Answer 36

- Hydrogen bonds are broken by an enzyme called helicase - One strand of the DNA acts as a template - Free RNA nucleotides align by complimentary base pairing (Uracil is used instead of Thymine) - RNA polymerase joins nucleotides up forming phosphodiester bonds - This forms pre-mRNA - The introns are removed from the Pre-mRNA by a process called splicing and mRNA is formed which then travels out of the nucleus via its pores

Question 37

What do extrons do?

Answer 37

Code for amino acids

Question 38

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 38

Nucleus

Question 39

Where does translation occur?

Answer 39

Ribosome

Question 40

What are the two parts of a ribosome called?

Answer 40

Small sub-unit and and large sub-unit

Question 41

Describe the process of translation.

Answer 41

-mRNA associates to the ribosome - The ribosome finds the start codon (AUG) - TRNA brings a specific amino acid - Anticodon on tRNA is complimentary to the codon on mRNA - Ribosome moves mRNA to the next codon This process repeats and amino acids are joined via condensation reaction with a peptide bond

Question 42

What are the two parts on tRNA called

Answer 42

Amino acid attachment site and anticodons

Question 43

DNA is universal, what is the definition of universal?

Answer 43

3 bases code for the same amino acid in all organisms

Question 44

DNA is degenerate, what is the definition of degenerate?

Answer 44

More than one codon codes for the same amino acid

Question 45

DNA is non-overlapping, what is the definition of non-overlapping?

Answer 45

Each base is only part of one codon

Question 46

What are the functions of tRNA?

Answer 46

- Allows mRNA to associate itself - Allows tRNA with codons to bind with mRNA -Catalyses formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 47

Does prokaryotic DNA contain introns?

Answer 47

No

Question 48

What are introns?

Answer 48

Non-coding DNA inside genes

Question 49

What are non-coding repeats?

Answer 49

multiple repeats of base sequences that is outside of gene

Question 50

What is the genetic code?

Answer 50

The sequence of codons in mRNA which code for a specific amino acid

Question 51

What is the definition of a genome?

Answer 51

Complete set of genes in the cell

Question 52

What is the definition of proteome?

Answer 52

The full range of proteins that the cell is able to produce