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Biology > A1 Lungs And Health Studies > Flashcards

A1 Lungs And Health Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the air move during inspiration?

A

Air moves into the lungs down trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and then the alveoli

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2
Q

What happens to the lung volume during inspiration?

A

Increases- to let air into the lungs

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3
Q

What happens to the pressure in the lungs during inspiration?

A

The pressure decreases lower than atmospheric pressure

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4
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

They contract to push ribcage up and out

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5
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

It contracts to flatten out

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6
Q

Where does the air move during expiration?

A

Air moves out of the alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi and trachea and mouth

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7
Q

What happens to the lung volume during expiration?

A

Decreases- to force air out of the lungs

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8
Q

What happens to the pressure in the lungs during expiration?

A

The pressure increases greater than atmospheric pressure

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9
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during expiration?

A

They relax and pull ribcage back down

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10
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

It relaxes and returns to domed shape

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11
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during forced expiration?

A

They contract

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12
Q

Fick’s Law: Rate of diffusion=

A

Surface area X Difference in concentration / Diffusion distance

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13
Q

How does oxygen get into the blood?

A

It moves through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and then alveoli, it then diffuses across the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium. Finally it diffuses through the red blood cell membrane and then bind with the haemoglobin

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14
Q

How are alveoli adapted?

A

Short diffusion distance due to its one cell thick wall, large surface area as there are millions of alveoli, good blood supply by the surrounding capillaries so maintains a high concentration gradient

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15
Q

What is breathing a result of?

A

A difference in pressure between the lungs and the atmospheric pressure this is called a pressure gradient

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16
Q

How does air get to the alveolar air space?

A

Down a pressure gradient (generated by muscle contraction)

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17
Q

How does oxygen get to haemoglobin?

A

It diffuses through the alveolar epithelium

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18
Q

What is the definition of tidal volume?

A

Is the volume of breaths with each normal breathe (the average is between 0.4-0.5 dm^3)

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19
Q

What is ventilation rate?

A

The number of breaths per minute (the average is 15)

19
Q

What is FEV?

A

Forced expiratory volume is the volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second

20
Q

What is FVC?

A

Forced vital capacity is the volume of air that can be breathed out forcefully after a deep breath

21
Q

What is pulmonary ventillation?

A

It is the volume of air ventilated by the lungs in a minute

22
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary ventillation?

A

Tidal volume x ventilation rate

23
Q

What is the cause of asthma?

A

Smoking, air pollution and genetic pre-disposition

24
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

Temporary breathing difficulties, asthma attacks and wheezing

25
Q

How is gas exchange slowed by asthma?

A

Tidal volume is reduced which decreases the concentration gradient

26
Q

What are the risk factors for asthma?

A

Pollen , dust and genetics

27
Q

What is the cause of turberculosis?

A

Bacterial infection

28
Q

What are the symptoms of turberculosis?

A

Coughing , fever and chest pain

29
Q

How gas exchange is slowed by turberculosis?

A

Scar tissue makes alveoli thicker which increases the diffusion distance

30
Q

What are the risk factors of turberculosis?

A

Poor diet , AIDS and HIV

31
Q

What is the cause of Emphysema?

A

Smoking and occupation

32
Q

What are the symptoms of Emphysema?

A

Difficulty breathing and dry coughing

33
Q

How gas exchange is slowed by Emphysema?

A

Reduced elasticity of the lungs prevents exhalation which reduces the concentration gradient

34
Q

What are the risk factors of Emphysema?

A

Smoking

35
Q

What is the cause of lung cancer?

A

smoking and carinogen exposure

36
Q

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Breathing difficulty and weight loss

37
Q

How is gas exchange slowed by lung cancer?

A

Reduced tidal volume due to tumours

38
Q

What are the risk facors of lung cancer?

A

Smoking

39
Q

What is the cause of pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Occupation and genetic pre dispostion

40
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Dry cough and breathing difficulties

41
Q

How is gas exchange slowed by pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Scar tissue increases diffusion distance and reduces elasticity

42
Q

What are the risk factors of pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Coal and dust

43
Q

Do small or big organisms have a large surface area?

A

Small

44
Q

What increases when surface area to volume ratio increases?

A

Oxygen uptake increases

45
Q

What are endotherms?

A

Organisms that control body temperature internally

46
Q

What replaces heat loss?

A

Respiration

Biology (7 decks)

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