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Biology > B5 Cells > Flashcards

B5 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells?

A

Cells that have a nucleus

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2
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells that don’t have a nucleus

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3
Q

Give examples of eukaryotic cells.

A

Plant , animal , protist and fungi

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4
Q

What is the largest organelle in the cell?

A

The nucleus

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5
Q

Which organelles have a double membrane structure?

A

Nucleus , mitochondria and chloroplasts

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6
Q

Why is there pores in the nucleus membrane?

A

To allow the passage of large molecules such as RNA or mRNA in and out the nucleus to go to the RER

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7
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The site of the production of rRNA which is how ribosomes are made

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8
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The site of aerobic respiration which is where ATP is released

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9
Q

What are the structures found in the mitochondria?

A

Cristae which are folds that increase the surface area for enzymes to work.
Matrix where enzymes are found
There are also ribosomes that make the enzymes

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10
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

It has ribosomes on its outer surface where protein synthesis occurs , it also transports proteins around the cell

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11
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

The site where lipid synthesis and carbohydrate synthesis occurs , they do not have ribosomes on their outer surface

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12
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis from amino acids

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13
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

They are found freely in the cytoplasm of all cells or as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus (body)

A

It modifies , identifies , sorts and sends proteins and lipids produced by the cell into vesicles. The vesicles may be used to form lysosomes

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15
Q

What is the Golgi body made of?

A
  • It is composed of flattened sacs made of membrane , the sacs are fluid filled and pinch off smaller sacs called vesicles at their ends
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16
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

They are used to breakdown unwanted structures as they contain digestive enzymes

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17
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To let things in and out of the cell

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18
Q

What is chromatin made of?

A

DNA and proteins

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19
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules on it which allows it to respond to chemicals like hormones.

20
Q

What is the definition of resolution?

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish between points that are close together.

21
Q

What is magnification?

A

Making things bigger

22
Q

Why do light microscopes have a poorer resolution?

A

They have a longer wavelength

23
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes called?

A

Transmission electron microscope and Scanning electron microscope

24
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a TEM?

A
  • You can see inner organelles
  • It has a higher resolution
    -However you need a very thin sample
  • It is 2D
25
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantage of SEM?

A
  • See surface only
  • See in 3D
    However it has a poor resolution
26
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification= Image size/ Actual size

27
Q

How do you convert millimetres to micrometres?

A

x 1000

28
Q

How do you convert micrometres to nanometres?

A

x 1000

29
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Where the production of rRNA occurs and it is also where ribosomes are made

30
Q

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

It has pores to allow substances eg. RNA to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

31
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration where ATP.

32
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

The site of photosynthesis

33
Q

What is the function of vesicles?

A

They store and transport proteins and lipids out of the cell via the cell membrane

34
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

They contain hydrolytic enzymes which can be used to digest invading cells or to break down unwanted or worn out structures of the cell

35
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

The site where proteins are made

36
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Supports the cell and prevents it from changing shape. In plant cells it is made of cellulose and in fungi it is made of chitin.

37
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid , this stops plants wilting. It isolates unwanted chemicals.

38
Q

What happens during homogenisation?

A

Cells are broken apart and organelles are released

39
Q

Why is a buffer used?

A

To maintain pH which prevents enzymes from denaturing

40
Q

Why is isotonic used?

A

To prevent osmosis ( cells bursting)

41
Q

Why does the solution have to be cold?

A

Reduce enzyme activity so there is no digestion (enzymes don’t work)

42
Q

What is the next step after Homogenisation?

A

Filtration

43
Q

What does filtration consist of?

A

Cell debris are filtered so we get organelles only

44
Q

What is the step after Filtration?

A

Ultracentrifugation

45
Q

What does Ultracentrifugation consist of?

A

It consists of separating organelles based on density using a centrifuge. It spins slower at first to separate nucleus and then it spins faster to get the next organelle. Most dense organelles fall first.

46
Q

What is the order that the organelles fall in?

A

Cell wall (biggest)
Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Ribosomes (smallest)

47
Q
A

Biology (9 decks)

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