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Biology > B7 Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

B7 Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three things a nucleotide is made from?

A

Bases , Oxyribose sugar and a phosphate

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2
Q

Is a nucleotide a polymer or monomer?

A

monomer

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3
Q

How are the three components of nucleotides formed?

A

Via condensation reactions (2)

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4
Q

What are the two purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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5
Q

What are the two Pyrimidines

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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6
Q

What is the rule with both purines and pyrimidines?

A

There will be equal amounts of Thymine and Adenine and equal amount of cytosinea and guanine

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7
Q

What do we call 3 bases

A

Codon

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8
Q

What is a particular range of proteins that a cell makes called?

A

Proteome

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of RNA?

A
  • Single stranded
  • Contains Uracil instead of Thymine
  • It doesn’t have any complimentary bases
  • No hydrogen bonds
  • Sugar deoxyribose isn’t present instead there is ribose sugar
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of mRNA?

A
  • Single stranded polynucleotide chain
  • Shorter than DNA
  • Sequences of bases are complimentary to the sequence of bases it is copying
  • No hydrogen bonding
    -Several 100s-1000s nucleotides in a chain
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of tRNA?

A
  • Single stranded
  • Contains Adenine and Guanine
  • Contains Cytosine and Uracil
  • Hydrogen bonds are present in parts of molecule
  • This creates a clover-like shape
  • About 75 nucleotides in a chain
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12
Q

What type of sugar does mRNA have?

A

Ribose sugar

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13
Q

What type of sugar does tRNA have?

A

Ribose sugar

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14
Q

What type of sugar does DNA contain?

A

Deoxyribose sugar

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15
Q

What bases does mRNA contain?

A

Purine bases: Adenine or guanine
Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine and Uracil

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16
Q

What bases does DNA contain?

A

Purine bases: Adenine Guanine
Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine and Thymine

17
Q

What bases does tRNA contain?

A

Purine bases: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine and Uracil

18
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA?

A
  • Contains deoxyribose sugar
    -Contains Adenine, guanine, cytosine and Thymine
  • Has 2 polynucleotide strands (double-stranded)
  • Hydrogen bonding present
  • ## Many millions of nucleotides in a chain
19
Q

What is the Chargaff’s rule?

A

That there will be equal amounts of adenine and thymine and also equal amounts of Guanine and Thymine.

20
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Protein and rRNA

21
Q

Describe Chloroplast DNA.

A
  • Less genes
  • Circular not linear
  • Shorter than DNA in nucleus
22
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate

23
Q

What is the structure of ATP like?

A
  • Similar to RNA
  • It is made of a molecule of ribose and adenine (adenosine) and three phosphate groups
24
Q

How to you turn ATP to ADP?

A

Hydrolyse the covalent bonds between phosphate groups using an ATP hydrolase enzyme and energy is released. We are then left with 2 phosphate groups (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate

25
Q

How do you turn ADP back into ATP?

A

Via a condensation reaction using the ATP hydrolase enzyme

26
Q

What is the DNA in chromosomes held in place by and wrapped around in eukaryotic cells?

A

Proteins (histones)

27
Q

What is DNA and histones together called?

A

Chromatin Fibres

28
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

All 46 chromosomes in each cell

29
Q

What is homologous pairing?

A
  • When mother and father chromosomes join and they carry the same genes in the same positions. They are also the same shape
30
Q

What does loci (locus) mean?

A

Location of a gene

31
Q

Why is DNA long?

A

To store more information

32
Q

Why is DNA double stranded?

A

Allows for a template during transcription or replication

33
Q

Why is DNA a double helix?

A

Coiled which makes it more compact

34
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein

Biology (13 decks)

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