B7 - Non-Communicable Diseases

Question 1

What are some general risk factors for non-communicable diseases

Answer 1

• genetics
• lack of exercise
• smoking
• obesity
• exposure to carcinogens
• drinking alcohol

Question 2

What is correlation

Answer 2

similarities which suggest a kink or relationship

Question 3

What is a causal mechanism

Answer 3

something that explains how one factor influences another through a biological process

Question 4

What are the drawbacks of disease for economies

Answer 4

• money is spent helping those with disease
• money is lost through working population not being able to work

Question 5

How does a tumour form

Answer 5

control of the cell cycle is lost and cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way

Question 6

What are the two types of tumour

Answer 6

benign and malignant

Question 7

What are benign tumours

Answer 7

growths of abnormal cells contained in one place

Question 8

What are malignant tumours
- what are they often known as

Answer 8

growths of abnormal cells that spread around the body, into the blood and cause secondary tumours elsewhere
- cancer

Question 9

What are the most common causes of cancer in humans

Answer 9

• genetic predispositions
• mutations
• ionising radiation
  viruses

Question 10

What are the two main types of treatment currently for cancer
- give a description of both

Answer 10

radiotherapy
- cancer cells are destroyed by targeted radiation

chemotherapy
- chemicals are used to stop the cancer cells dividing or make them self-destruct

Question 11

What is nicotine
- what are its issues in cigarettes

Answer 11

an addictive found in tobacco
- cause people to feel deprived without it and keep taking tobacco

Question 12

What is carbon dioxide
- what are its issues in cigarettes

Answer 12

a toxic, odourless gas
- it takes up haemoglobin in the blood and prevents oxygen being taken to muscles

Question 13

Why should women not smoke when pregnant

Answer 13

reduces oxygen intake for baby causing stillbirhs, premature births

Question 14

how are infections caused by smoking

Answer 14

cilia in trachea are anaesthetised by chemicals in tobacco, that allows infections to pass through

Question 15

What is tar
- what does it cause in cigarettes

Answer 15

a sticky black chemical that accumulates in the lungs
- lots of tar causes bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 16

how does smoking affect the heart

Answer 16

• narrows blood vessels
• nicotine increases heart rate
• other chemicals damage lining of arteries increasing the risk of coronary heart disease
• they also lead to an increase of blood pressure

Question 17

how is excess food stored

Answer 17

as fat

Question 18

why is having body fat needed

Answer 18

to cushion internal organs

Question 19

why are people who do regular exercise more healthy than people who don’t

Answer 19

they use more energy for respiration
- less fat is stored /

more is used up
better blood supply

less chance of developing arthritis / diabetes, high blood pressure

maintains blood cholesterol levels

Question 20

what are the two reasons for type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

• your body doesn’t make enough insulin to control blood sugar levels
• cells stop responding to insulin

Question 21

how can people with type 2 diabetes restore their normal blood glucose levels

Answer 21

• eating a balanced diet
• doing regular exercise
• controlling carbs eaten

Question 22

What happens after alcohol is drunk

Answer 22

ethanol is absorbed into blood from the gut and is passed into tissues such as the brain
- this makes processes, reflexes and reactions slower than usual

Question 23

What is liver cirrhosis

Answer 23

disease that destroys liver tissue
- the tissue is replaced with scar tissue that can’t carry out normal functions

Question 24

What are some effects of alcohol on the brain and liver

Answer 24

heavy drinkers are at risk of liver cancer
- may develop liver cirrhosis
- brain becomes soft and pulpy so normal structures are lost

Question 25

What are some effects of drinking alcohol when pregnant

Answer 25

• developing liver can’t cope with alcohol so it can be badly affected
• fetal alcohol syndrome : baby may have deformities, problems with organs, or developmental issues

Question 26

What is the effect of ionising radiation on the body

Answer 26

penetrates cells and damages chromosomes, causing mutations in DNA

Question 27

What are some common sources of ionising radiation to the body

Answer 27

• UV rays from the Sun
• Radioactive materials in soil, water and air
• medical and dental X-rays
• accidents in nuclear power generation