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GCSE Biology > B4 - Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

B4 - Organising animals and plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the human circulatory system

A
  • blood
  • blood vessels
  • heart
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2
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the blood

A
  • platelets
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • while blood cells
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3
Q

What is the role of the plasma

A

transports blood cells around the body
- carries dissolved substances such as urea, carbon dioxide and small products of digestion

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4
Q

What are three adaptations of the red blood cell to help them carry oxygen

A
  • biconcave disc provides large surface area
  • lots of haemoglobin which carries oxygen
  • no nucleus to make space for more haemoglobin
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5
Q

What proportion of the blood is each component

A
  • 45% red blood cells
  • 55% plasma
    1% platelets and white blood cells
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6
Q

What are the functions of white blood cells

A

phagocytes engulf pathogens
- lymphocytes form antibodies and antitoxins

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7
Q

What are platelets

A

small fragments of cells that cause blood clotting

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8
Q

What are the three blood vessels and what are their functions

A

arteries carry blood away from the heart

veins carry blood towards the heart

capillaries link arteries and veins, and it is where the substances diffuse into and out of cells

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9
Q

How are arteries adapted for carrying blood

A

thick, muscular walls for high pressure blood

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10
Q

How are veins adapted for carrying blood

A

valves prevent backflow and blockages

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11
Q

How are capillaries adapted for carrying blood

A

single cell thick walls for short diffusion distances

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12
Q

How do muscles force blood towards the heart in veins

A

they contract, squeezing the blood vessels and blood towards the heart

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13
Q

What does each circulatory system do in the human double circulatory system

A

one transports blood from heart to lungs and back again. This allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out the body

one carries blood from heart to organs and back again

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14
Q

why is having a double circulatory system good

A

it makes it very efficient

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15
Q

what are the walls of the heart mostly made of

A

muscle

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16
Q

what are coronary arteries

A

arteries that supply blood to the heart muscles

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17
Q

What are the top chambers of the heart called

A

atria

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18
Q

What are the bottom chambers of the heart called

A

ventricles

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19
Q

how does the blood enter and leave the heart

A

vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta

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20
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do

A

take blood from heart to lungs

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21
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do

A

carry blood from lungs to heart

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22
Q

what are valves in the heart used for

A

making sure blood flows in the right direction

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23
Q

what actually is the heartbeat

A

the sound of valves closing

24
Q

why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right

A

to develop the high pressure needed to force the blood through the arteries

25
Q

What happens in coronary heart disease
- what is a common cause of this
- what is the effect

A

the coronary arteries become narrow
- buildup of fatty material on the lining of the vessels
- less oxygen is supplies to heart muscles causing pain, heart attacks or even death

26
Q

What are three common treatments to coronary heart disease

A

stents
statins
replacement arteries

27
Q

how are stents inserted in the arteries

A

a tiny balloon is inflated to open the blood vessel and stent

balloon is deflated but stent remains, holding the artery open

28
Q

How do statins work

A

they are drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels, slowing down the rate at which fatty material is deposited in the coronary arteries

29
Q

what are two common treatments of leaky valves
- what are the negatives of each

A

mechanical valves require users to take medicines for their whole life

biological valves only work for around 12-15 years

30
Q

how are problems with the natural pacemaker solved
- what does it do

A

by fitting an artificial pacemaker
- it sends electrical signals that stimulate the heart to beat properly

31
Q

why do many people die before getting a necessary heart transplant

A

they have to wait for a donor with a tissue match

32
Q

what is an alternative to donor hearts
- what are some negatives

A

artificial hearts
- very expensive
- can cause blood clotting
- patients usually have to stay in hospital

33
Q

what happens when you breathe in

A

ribs move out, diaphragm flattens: more volume so air is drawn in to maintain pressure

34
Q

What happens when you breathe out

A

ribs move in, diaphragm moves up: less volume so air moves out to maintain pressure

35
Q

how does the volume of the lungs change

A

when intercostal muscles between ribs and diaphragm move

36
Q

how is a concentration gradient maintained in the lungs

A

oxygenated air is drawn in, blood flows bringing deoxygenated blood

37
Q

how are the lungs adapted for gas diffusion (6)

A
  • alveoli increase surface area
  • rich supply of capillaries
  • thin walls
  • spherical shape gives largest surface area
  • well venilated
  • moist walls
38
Q

What do epidermal tissues do in plants

A

cover surfaces and protect them. They often secrete a waxy substance that waterproofs the leaf

39
Q

What is palisade mesophyll

A

tissue with lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

40
Q

What is spongy mesophyll

A

tissue with some chloroplasts but lots of air and surface area to make diffusion of gases easier

41
Q

What are xylem

A

tissue that transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the plant via transpiration

42
Q

what are phloem

A

tissue that transports food from the leaves to the plants via translocation

43
Q

where are stem cells in the plant

A

in the meristem tissue at the growing tips of roots and shoots

44
Q

what are some examples of organs in plants

A

leaves, roots, stem

45
Q

how are xylem tissue adapted

A

dead cells make tubes hollow, lignin strengthens the tube

46
Q

why is transport so important for plants

A
  • cells need glucose for respiration
  • cells need water for photosynthesis
  • mineral ions are needed for protein synthesis
47
Q

what are stomata
- what are their sizes controlled by

A

openings in the leaf
- guard cells

48
Q

why do plants have stomata

A

to control rates of diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen

49
Q

what is transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour through the stomata

50
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

water drawn through xylem from roots to leaves due to the water lost through stomata

51
Q

how can you calculate the amount of stomata in a leaf

A

make a stomatal peel using varnish to get a thin layer
- place on a microscope slide
- adjust to a higher magnification
- count the number of stomata in the visible area
- repeat all over the leaf and calculate the average
- use this to estimate total amount in leaf

52
Q

what are three factors that increase rate of transpiration

A

hot, dry, windy conditions

53
Q

what is the function of the waxy cuticle on water loss

A

prevents lots of water loss

54
Q

what are two ways plants reduce rate of transpiration

A

wilting decreases the surface area
- stomata close

55
Q

how are potometers used to measure transpiration rate

A

measure amount of water taken in in a given time. Most of this water is lost in transpiration

GCSE Biology (19 decks)

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