B7 Non Communicable Disease

Question 1

How does Cancer occur?

Answer 1

Changes occur in the genes that tell cells when to divide, leading to uncontrolled growth and mitosis

Question 2

What is a tumour?

Answer 2

An uncontrolled growth of cells

Question 3

What are the 2 types of tumour?

Answer 3

Benign and Malignant

Question 4

What is a Benign tumour?

Answer 4

Growths of abnormal cells found in one area, usually contained in a membrane - they stay in one place and don’t invade other body cells.

Question 5

How are Malignant tumours different to Benign tumours?

Answer 5

They invade neighbouring tissue and move into the bloodstream.
- Malignant tumour cells are classed as a cancer, once
in the bloodstream the malignant tumour cells spread
to other parts of the body and form new tumours.

Question 6

What do scientists call tumours made by tumour cells after being spread throughout the body?

Answer 6

Secondary tumours

Question 7

What are some Cancers linked to genetics?

Answer 7

• Certain breast cancers
• Prostate cancer
• Large intestine cancer

Question 8

What are some lifestyle risk factors for Cancer?

Answer 8

• Smoking can cause lung cancer
• Exposure to UV light can cause skin cancer
• Alcohol can cause mouth and throat cancer

Question 9

How are certain cancers caused by substances in the environment, give an example.

Answer 9

Exposure to Radon can increase the risk of cancer, as Radon releases ionising radiation, which damages the DNA in our cells, causing cells to undergo uncontrolled cell division, causing Cancer.

Question 10

Why can’t scientists carry out experiments on humans to determine the causes of non communicable diseases?

Answer 10

It’s unethical :(

Question 11

What is epidemiology?

Answer 11

Studying the patterns of diseases to determine risk factors

Question 12

What key fact must be remembered about correlation and causation?

Answer 12

Correlation doesn’t equal causation

Question 13

What is a causal mechanism?

Answer 13

A scientific explanation as to why something happens

Question 14

How can sampling be made more accurate?

Answer 14

Sample large numbers of people at random

Question 15

What is a non communicable disease and give 3 examples

Answer 15

A disease that can’t be spread from person to person

e.g. Type 2 diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases and some types of Cancer

Question 16

Explain how diet can cause coronary heart disease

Answer 16

A diet high in fat and low in vegetables increases the levels of certain types of cholesterol in the blood, increases the rate that fatty materials build up in the arteries

Question 17

What diseases/illnesses is poor diet linked to

Answer 17

• High fat - Coronary heart disease
• High salt - High blood pressure - increases risk of
  developing cardiovascular illnesses

Question 18

Give examples of diseases that smoking is a risk factor for

Answer 18

• Lung cancer
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Lung diseases e.g. emphysema & bronchitis

Question 19

What are the chemicals in cigarette smoke that can trigger cancer called?

Answer 19

Carcinogens

Question 20

What are the effects of smoking on an unborn baby?

Answer 20

• Can lead to miscarriages
• Can lead to baby being born with a low body mass
• Can lead to premature birth

Question 21

What are the effects of drinking alcohol on an unborn baby?

Answer 21

-Can lead to “Fetal alcohol syndrome”

(Child has learning difficulties and other
mental/physical health problems)

Question 22

Give examples of diseases that drinking is a risk factor for

Answer 22

• Liver cirrhosis
• Liver cancer
• Affects brain (addiction & memory loss)
• Obesity

Question 23

What is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 23

Obesity

Question 24

Give an example or how different risk factors can interact

Answer 24

e.g. Drinking alcohol can lead to obesity, which increases the risk of getting Type 2 diabetes

Question 25

What is the difference between health and disease?

Answer 25

• Health is the state of physical and mental well-being

- Diseases are major causes of ill health