b7) final years gov Flashcards
1
Q
what was the Chancery?
A
main court of equity
2
Q
what was the 1523 subsidy?
A
grant issued by Pa to the sovereign for state needs- imposed tax of 1 shilling in the £ for land worth £50
3
Q
what was Praemunire?
A
Pa statute 1593- prevent papal interference in the rights of the crown to make appointments to Church office
4
Q
who were the key people in government in henry’s later years?
A
- Thomas Howard(earl of surrey and 2nd duke of Norfolk)
- stephen gardiner
- Thomas Wriothesley
5
Q
who was thomas howard
A
- earl of surrey, 2nd duke of norfolk
- distinguished Yorkist family
- fought for R3 at bis worth- was then imprisoned and attainted for treason
- restored to his title 1489 after suppressing the yorkshire reb and led eng army at battle of flodden - was then promoted to Duchy of Norfolk
- served h as administrator and soldier
6
Q
who was stephen gardiner?
A
- initially progressed in service of wolsey
- became secretary to h8 and then bishop of winchester
- supported break w rome but retained soem catholic views
- so was imprisoned under ed 6 but returned to favour under mary and was appointed lord chancellor
7
Q
who was Thomas Wriothesley?
A
- advancement due to cromwell’s
- appointed joint principle secretary in 1540, then somehow survived cromwell’s downfall and attached himself to the conservative Gardiner
- app lord chancellor 1544, but then again switched sides in the downfall of norfolk in 1546
8
Q
what was the conservative faction?
A
- accepted the break w rome but opposed doctrinal changes
- led by duke of norfolk (thomas howard) and stephen gardiner (bishop of winchester)
9
Q
what was the conservative faction associated with?
A
- passing the 6 Articles Act
- fall of thomas cromwell
- catherine howard
plot against Cramner (1543) - plot against catherine Paar (1546)
10
Q
what was the reform faction?
A
- accepted break w rome, saw it as opp to introduce protestant doctrines into the church
- led by Edward Seymour (earl of hertford and later duke of somerset) and Archbishop Cranmer
11
Q
what was the reform faction associated with?
A
- foreign policy success in scotland
- fall of catherine howard
- catherine paar
- plot against gardiner (1544)
- arrest of Norfolk (1544)
12
Q
what factors led to intensification of the rivalry between two factions?
A
- h decides not to appoint a chief minister
- h increasingly poor health
- h imp diminishes as he’s now a sickly bystander
- decisions often made without his consent, but he could wrong-foot his advisors
- any political development driven by intense factionalism in court
13
Q
why did henry enjoy factionalism?
A
- aware of the manoeverings of his courtiers and even encouraged them- a manipulator of courtly politics
- fuelled his egotism- enjoyment of watching noblemen and courtiers fight for his attention
- prevented one view of politics from dominating and encouraged discussion of imp matters esp relig change
14
Q
why was the conservative faction in control by 1540?
A
- 6 articles act had enshrined into law their belief that relig innovation should be limited
- seen enemy thomas cromwell fell from power
- increased access to long through catherine howard, duke of norfolk’s niece
15
Q
how did conservative faction fall out of favour over catherine?
A
- h was besotted w catherine but he was 49, she 19- had other admirers at court
- 1541 was presented w evidence of her unfaithfulness
- king furious and she was beheaded for treason feb 1542, men assoc w her adultry executed too
- damaged conservative group despite Norfolk expressed his outrage at her
16
Q
what was the plot against Cranmer?
A
- 1543, cons faction try to break up his and h’s friendship
- they accused him of dabbing in protestant heresy- h rejected these claims and put cranmer in charge of investigating them
17
Q
how did cons faction lose power?
A
- catherine howard fall
- cranmer
- h married catherine paar- close w Seymour family
- gathered scholars around her in court- allowed them to manage education of elizabeth and ed- ensured they were in favour of protestant reforms, unlike mary
- cons faction in 1546 tried to accuse members of her household of heresy but h supported his wife
18
Q
how had henry dealt w lingering possibility of rival claimants?
A
executed members of the pole family and showed a violent response to the earl of surrey’s attempts to promote his family’s interests
19
Q
what was the fate of the duke of norfolk?
A
- arrested for treason 1546, escapes execution as H died (28th jan 1547) before giving the order
20
Q
what was the fate of the earl of surrey?
A
- was norfolk’s son
- on cons faction
- spoke of his fam’s royal claim and put the royal coat of arms on his family’s emblem- no auth to do so
- this was even worse as the king is ill & has a young son now
- was executed 1 week before H’s death
21
Q
what was the fate of steven gardiner?
A
- makes a miscalculation in 1546 and is embroiled in a plot against the Queen
- false accusation that he was refusing to grant some of his lands to the king
- accused by some reformers of suggesting the pope should be reinstated as head of the eng church
- managed to avoid Tower w quick thinking but was still pushed out of royal favour
22
Q
who was most influential at the very end of H’s reign?
A
- reform faction
- Edward Seymour enjoys much infl as uncle of Ed & military commander in war w scotland
- Sir Anthony Denny= relig reform supporter made chief gentleman of the king’s privy chamber, spent much time w king and decided who could visit him, v imp as h’s illness kept him confined to his apartments
23
Q
how was the dry stamp used?
A
- used a lot by sir anthony denny
- an important political instrument to make impression of king’s signature- for reform faction tolegalise any document they chose
- incl an altered version of h’s will that agreed w the succession act but added provisions to strengthen the regency council that would rule on edward’s behalf
24
Q
what happened once H died?
A
- 28th jan 1547
- kept a secret whilst leading politicians decide how tgo implement the regency
- 3 days later, council appoints Earl of Hertford, Ed’s uncle w a successfull military career as LORD PROTECTOR
- revives the trad idea of regency led by someone close to the King- in-waiting
- makes himself duke of somerset
- begins to app his own council- wider circle of men than will had envisioned
25
what was the regency counil?
- 16 men, dominated by the reform group, chosen by H- clever way to protect his son, but they were too ambitious
26
what was the Six Articles Act?
- 1539
- moves ppl back towards catholicism
- reaffirms cath beleif in transubstantiation and the charge for failure to belive in this doctrine was treason
- unclear whether king's own beleifs were that prevalent to it, but he did edit the draft of the bill, evidently concerned abt new heresies abroad spreading to eng & the 10 year truce between f1 & c5
