b6) Cromwell gov Flashcards
1
Q
what was Cromwell’s background?
A
- humble like wolsey’s
- son of a Putney cloth worker
- no formal education but travelled abroad - served as a soldier for the defeated french in italy
- learned abt trade & accountancy through emplyment w Florentine bankers and Ventian & English merchants
- no formal legal training but built pu a successfull legal practise & workimg for wolsey by 1524 as solicitor, then a commissioner, appointed to enquire into smaller monastries
2
Q
what were cromwell’s religious leanings?
A
- Protestant leanings
- eg he personally paid for a vernacular Bible to be published
3
Q
when did cromwell get into politics?
A
- MP in 1523, later in 1520s= wolsey’s secretary, also acting indep as a lwayer, moneylender, merchant, arbitrator
4
Q
why was cromwell appointed to the Privy Council?
A
- sometime in 1529, he persuaded H to make himself head of the church
- member of PC in 1531
- Master of the Court of Wards & Master of the Jewel House in 1532- by this time, effectievly k’s chief minister, until his demise in 1540
5
Q
how did cromwell secure the annulment?
A
- through statutes of law, est the royal supremacy (H= supreme leader of Ch)
6
Q
what weaknesses of the church did cromwell exploit to secure the annulement?
A
- humanist crit from colet/ erasmus/ simon fish’s anti-clerical satire
- challenges to its legal supremacy- superiority of eng law to canon law- helps Pa attack ch’s power
- theologists Thomas Cranmer & edward Foxe compile COLLECTANEA SATIS COPIOSA- a collection of historical documents that justify k’s divorce on legal & historical principles
- H sought & recieved expert opinions in sit from no of continental unis- humiliates STM by requiring him to present these opinions to hoc & hol- adds pressure to papacy
7
Q
when was the clergy collectively accused of praemunire & fined?
A
- 1531
- began a sustained attack on the clergy & forced from it an acknowledgement that K was ‘protector & supreme head of the eng church’ so far as the ‘law of christ allowed’
- gives H a new title
8
Q
what was the Act in Conditional Restraints of Annates?
A
- 1532
- designed to put pressure on papcy by withholding the 1st year of income from the office of bishops which the papacy usually enjoyed
9
Q
what was the submission of the clergy to h8?
A
- 1532, provokes resig of STM as lord chancellor
10
Q
what was the act in restraint of appeals?
A
- drafted by cromwell
- founded on evidence in Collectanea
- preamble declared monarcg possessed an imperial jursidiction which was not subject to any foreign power & appeals could not be made to rome regarding ‘matrimonial cases’ and other areas
- this means CoA could not appeal to pope against another marriage annulment
11
Q
what was the Act of Supremacy?
A
- nov 1534
- gave legislative to henry’s title & the royal supremacy
- effectively accomplishes break from rome & proves it was lawful & right decision
12
Q
what was the Treason Act?
A
- nov 1534
- treason can be committed by the spoken word as well as by deed or writing- treasonable to descrieb the king as ‘heretic, schismatic, tyrant, infedel or usurper to the crown’
- easier to eliminate enemies who pose as threats
13
Q
what was the Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown?
A
- nov 1534
- annates paid by a bishop, which had been ‘intolerable’ when paid to the pope, now acceptable when paid to king
- increases fin burden on clergy, strengthens ryal sup
14
Q
when was the dissolution of the monastries?
A
- 1536-1542
- pa’s role as a law-making body increases during this
15
Q
how did cromwell and h’s relationship start to break down?
A
- around 1536, plumeted- opp to his relig reforms reached new scale in pilgrinage of grace
- anger was at cromwell rathe rthan k- began to distance himself from c, even violent towards him
16
Q
which wife did cromwell pick for henry and how did it go?
A
- Anne of Cleves (marry in 1540, divorce few months latrer)
- h commisions Holbein, his fave court painter, to paint her, but dissapointed when sees her- blames this on cromwell rather than over-flattering holbein- tasks him to secure annulment
17
Q
how did cromwell’s enemies bring him down?
A
- duke of norfolk & steven gardiner convinced k he was plotting treason
- given no trial as they thought he would get himself out of it as a successfull lawyer
- passed bill of attainder before Pa, executed 28th july 1540- same day he marries catherine howard
- h was regretfull after his execution, unlike w wolsey- no good replacement like before
18
Q
who was thomas cranmer?
A
- archbishop of canterbury
- published first english service
- 1527- helped get annulment w Fox & Gardiner
- condemmed for treason in 1553 as opposed mary- burnt hand-first as he’d written w it
19
Q
A
