b5) english society & rebellions Flashcards
1
Q
was there still a social elite/
A
- yes, remainsts of the fuedal system still existed, yet growth of the proffesional & commercial bourgeoisie
- traditionla nob & greater gentry wielded pol & ec infl
2
Q
how did thesize of peerage change under h8?
A
- increased, yet by the end of the reign only 9 more than start- ‘natural wastage’ and attainders had offset growth
3
Q
how could you gain a peerage?
A
- succesfsul roy service as a courtier or soldier
- close family relationship eg Edward Seymour= Earl of Hertford
4
Q
what Dukes were there?
A
- only Edward Stafford, DoBuckingham, in 1509- never enjoyed h’s favour
- promoted:
- Norfolk: restored title held by his father
- Suffolk: close personal relationship w k- crit by some quaters eg Erasmus
5
Q
did H give property to ppl?
A
yes, to exert auth over areas
- Suffolk- Lincolnshire property after 1536 reb + ordered to move there to exert auth in person
- John, Baron Russel- monastic land in Devon so auth in South West after execution of Marquis of Exeter, who’s been close w H but moved to Arogonese faction
6
Q
did nobles provide armies?
A
- recruitment of royal armies
- Earl of Shrewsbury raised 4000+ men for invasion of France 1513
7
Q
who was Thomas Fiennes?
A
- Baron Dacre of the South
- 1541 tried for the murder of a neigbours servant, convicted and hanged like a common criminal
8
Q
which nobles were executed for their roles in 1536 reb?
A
- lords Darcy (helped rebs at pontefract castle, then denied it and said they forced himto) and Hussey
9
Q
which of the King’s relatives did he punish?
A
- Henry Pole Baron Montague & Marquis of Exeter accused of treasonable conspiracy & executed
- Montague’s mother held in tower for two years then executed- harshest ounishment
10
Q
what size was the gentry?
A
- abt 5000 gentry families in 1540
- increased under h8
- more ppl legally trained their sons- maybe for royal advancement
- many more JPs
11
Q
what were knighthoods?
A
- a sign of royal favour- was assumed a knight would recieve income that reflected his status
- abt 200 knightly families in 1524
12
Q
what were esquires & heralds?
A
- equires- gentlemen entitled tobear a coat of arms
- heralds c ertified this status
- bynow, heralds unwilling to grant the title to anyone w lands worth less tha £10 pa or goods worth under £300
13
Q
how did commoners’ standards of living change?
A
- little change, but a drop in rela incomes de to a rise in inflation- ill feeling at Amicable Grant
14
Q
what was the position o fmost ppl?
A
- little chance of regular employment & secure employment
- few possesions
- outbreaks of disorder common, rather than reb, which distrupted order of soc
15
Q
how was the anglo-welsh border govenered?
A
- many areas governed by Council of Wales and the Marches: Glocseshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire
- this was based in Ludlow in Shropshire
- it was good as it offered cheap & local acces to the law- good for those areas under it
16
Q
what was wales like before 1536?
A
- separate terr from eng but in practise part of it
- were marcher lordships & principality of wales
- no unifoed administration or solid formal political link w eng
17
Q
what did the Laws in Wales act 1536 do?
A
- divided wales into shirecounties- given same basis as eng counterparts & direct rep in HoC
- brought wales under eng’s legal framework
- this meant in practise the crown had control over wales, and little was separate bar fromm the survival of the welsh lang in some areas
18
Q
who ended up having responsibility for control of wales?
A
- became role of aristocracy members eg EoPembroke & members of welsh gentry- controlle dcounty pol, then elected to Pa & infl in legal proffesions
19
Q
what was the context of the anglo-scottish border?
A
- hard to police
- much remote & inhospitable in winter months
both sides known for lawlessness - cattle & sheep rustling & violence
SO - h8 split border into 3 marches- each under the jusrisdiction of a warden
20
Q
what options did h8 have for appointing ppl in charge of the anglo-scottish marches?
A
- LOCAL NOBLE- but risk that they’s exploit their office & gain more power than king, plus he had little time for the great border magnate families, eg the Percy family
- or LOCAL GENTRY OFFICERS eg 1542 Thomas Lord Wharton, or those complete OUTSIDERS- more liekly to be completely loyal to k, but may exercise little infl over local ppl, who were loyal first to their local magnate
21
Q
how did the north of eng pose problems of governance?
A
- h’s regime based far away in London
- shown by large no of supps of pilgrimage of grace 1536
22
Q
how did h reintroduce the Counci; in the North?
A
- H & Cromwell re est it as permanent body, based in York
- no of admin & legal functions, with broad proffesional staff
- helped N to keep quiet, esp in the 1549 Summer of rebellions
23
Q
what were the english palatinates?
A
- ## areas under seprate jurisdiction from the cronw- lancashire, cheshire, (largely under royal) Durham (bishop)
24
Q
what was the Act Resuming Liberties to the Crown?
A
- 1536
- decreased local infl of the bishop in durham- but he still held some powers eg the PALATINE COURT OF CHANCERY still operated
25
what was the AMICABLE GRANT?
- 1525
- tax imposed by H & W to fund invasion of Fr in 1525
- levied w/o Pa's apprpoval, using preorogative rights
- so begun distancing between H & W
26
who resisted the Amicable grant?
- peasanst/ L/C suffer most- alr hit by ec hardship
- wool producers & merchants in East Anglia hit hard- major resistanvce there
- resentment from nob & gentry who had to collect it, so unpop w the ppl
27
what resentment was there in 1513?
- subsidy to raise money for campaigns, but after resistamce in Yorkshire esp, taxation demands largely written off in some areas
28
where was there opp to the amicable grant?
- geog widespread but strongest in NORTH ESSEX & SOUTH SUFFOLK
- EoESSEX reported 1000 ppl gathered at Essex-Suffolk border, refusing to pay
- Dukes of Norfolk & Suffolk reported 4000 resisters - esp umemployed cloth workers who could not meet taxation demands
29
how did H handle the inital resistance to the 1525 amicable grant?
- W publically begged h to offer pardon to those he saw as his suffolk countrymen, so leaders treated leniantly
30
what lessons did h learn from the inital l1525 amicable grant resistance?
- could not operate defiant of tax payers' wishes
- would have to raise extraordinary revenue other ways- eg cash from sale of monastic lands
31
what were the main points of the PONTEFRACT ARTICLES?
- a list of demands written by the pilgrimage of grace rebs in december 1536
- want to reinstate small religious houses
- klegitimise mary
- ask h to give up title as hotcoe
- est a parliamnet in either york or nottingham
- destroy any protestant reformers
32
what was the timeline fo the lincolnshire rsing & pilgrimage of grace?
-2oct lincolnshire rising begins at louth, spreads wider to Horncastle
- 8oct pilgrimage of grace begins in east riding of yorkshire under leadership of Robert Aske
18oct lincolnshire rising ends
- 26oct rebs meet Duke of Norfolk near Doncaster
- nov east & west riding rebs gradually disperse
- 3dec royal proclomation offering pardon to rebs
1537:
- 16jan renewed reb in east riding of yorkshire led by SIR FRANCIS BIGOD
33
how did the dissolution of the monastries casue the pilgrimage of grace?
- loss of charitable & educational functions
- possible loss of parish churches which were monastic properties
- fear that N would be impoverished by N land falling into S hands
- robert aske rlly liked them
34
who was robert aske?
- leader of pilgrimage of grace
- came up w its name
- joined various movements into a united whole
- tried to negotiate sett;ement w king but was executed after a renewed outbreak of reb 1537
- convinced supporter of monastries
35
what were the secular causes of the pilgrimage of grace?
- ec grievances dominated ordinary rebsls incl tax, less relig led than leaders (eg Aske)
- lincolnshire angry at crown's attempts toimpose Duke of Suffoll as a great magnate there
- tenants' greievances stir reb to spread west of pennines into cumberland & westmoreland
36
how did courtly conspiracy stir the pilgrimage of grace?
- prompted by supps of CoA (who'd died 1536)
- wished to restore princess mary as heir- able to exploit relig & fin concerns of Ns to enhance factional politics
37
how did the lincolnshire reb end?
- quickly collapsed when faced w forces of the duke of Suffolk
- yet N rebs occupied York & Hull and captured Pontefract Castle- worrying & alarming for h & his minsters
38
how did duke of norfolk deal w reb?
- snet north w an army, but was vastly outnumbered
- so he sought to diffuse reb w the issue of a pardon- promises that dissolved monastries would be restored & a free Pa est
- but the king had no intention of keeping these promises
- most rebs dispersed, so they secured their strategic objectives
39
how was the renewal of reb in helpful for h?
- start of1537
- in cumberland & east riding of yorkshire
- duke of norfolk quickly imposed martial law and crushed rebs, hung 74 rebs
- yet this relaxed to more merciful approach w legal process- lods darcy & hussey and heads of monastic houses brought to london to be properly tried & executed
40
what impact did the pilgrimage of grace have on h?
- shook him
- he had been poor in dealing w it- had ignored warnings abt increase in resentment which he did not want to hear
- was fortunate for norfolk's common snese \& flexibility
- the pilgrimgae did not slow the pace of relig change tho
41
what discontent was there at the start of h8's reign?
- v little sign of fundemental changes to the ch- W dissolved some monastries that were redundant & used their endwoments to fund educ purposes
- fullfilled needs of most ppl
- some complaints abt the worldliness of the clergy, but had improved to good quality by 16THcent
42
what discontent was there in 1530s early?
- h breaks from rome 1533 & becomes new head of eng ch
- executions of those who deny the royal supremacy eg thomas moore
- small min of ppl wlecomed this but most ppl did not supp relig change
43
what discontent was there to cromwell's changes?
- his dissolution of monastries began in 1536
- royal injunstions of 1536 attacked many traditional catholic practises eg pilgrimage, the veneration of relics & holy days
- this provoked fears that parish churches may be attacked
- main conq is pilgrimgae of grace- accumalates from ecular concerns too
44
what happened in hexham in northumberland?
- royal commisioners(?) were prevented from starting dissolution process by a gathering of armed men
- this wa sbc the monastic church doubled up as a parish ch- durham's mdid this too- communities went to huge lengths to protect their own
