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B7- Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ecology about

A

Organisms and the environment they live in, and how the two interact

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2
Q

Define habitat

A

The place where an organism lives

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3
Q

Define population

A

All the organisms of one species living in a habitat

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4
Q

Define community

A

The populations of different species living in a habitat

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5
Q

Define Abiotic factors

A

Non-living factors of the environment

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6
Q

Define Biotic factors

A

Living factors of the environment

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7
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

The interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) parts of the their environment

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8
Q

What are Stonefly Larvae particularly sensitive to

A

Pollution

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9
Q

What is it called when all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that the population sizes are roughly constant

A

Stable communities

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10
Q

Examples of Abiotic Factors

A
  1. Moisture level
  2. Light intensity
  3. Temperature
  4. Carbon dioxide level (for plants)
  5. Wind intensity and direction
  6. Oxygen level (for aquatic animals)
  7. Soil pH and mineral content
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11
Q

Examples of Biotic Factors

A
  1. New predators
  2. Competition
  3. New pathogens
  4. Avalibility of food
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12
Q

Define structural adaptation

A

Features of an organism’s body structure-such as shape or colour

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13
Q

Define behavioural adaptation

A

These are ways that organisms behave. Many species migrate to warmer climates during te winter to aviod the problems of living in cold conditons

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14
Q

Define functional adaptation

A

These are things that go on inside an organism’s body that can be related to processes like reproduction and metabolism

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15
Q

What do food chains start with

A

A producer

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16
Q

Where do producers get their foofd from

A

The sun

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17
Q

Who eats the producer in a food chain

A

Primary consumer

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18
Q

Who eats the primary consumer in a food chain

A

Secondary consumer

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19
Q

Who eats the secondary consumers in a food chain

A

Tertiary consumer

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20
Q

Describe the stages of the water cycle

A
  1. Energy from the Sun makes water evaporate from the land and sea, turning it into water vapour. Water alos evaporates from the plants- this is known as transpiration
  2. The warm water vapour is carried upwards (as warm air rises). When it gets higher up it cools and condenses to form clouds
  3. Water falls from the clouds as precipitation (usually rain, but sometimes snow or hail) onto land, where it provides fresh water for plants and animals
  4. It then drains into the sea, before the whole process starts again
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21
Q

Describe the carbon cycle

A
  1. CO2 is removed from the atmosphere by green plants and algae during photosynthesis. The carbon is used to make glucose, which can be turned into carbohydrates, fats and proteins that make up the bodies of the plants and algae
  2. When the plants and algae respire, some carbon is returned to the atmosphere as CO2
  3. When the plants and algae ar eaten by animals, some carbon becomes part of the fats and proteins in their bodies. The carbon then moves through the food chain
  4. When the animals respire, some carbon is returned to the atmosphere as CO2
  5. When plants, algae and animals die, other animals (called detritus feeders) and microorganisms feed on their remains. When these organisms respire, CO2 is returned to the atmosphere
  6. Animals also produce waste that is broken down by detritus feeders and microorganisms
  7. The combustion (burning) of wood and fossil fuels also releases CO2 back into the air
  8. So the carbon (and energy) is constantly being cycled- from the air, through food chains (via plants, algae and animals, and detritus feeders and microorganisms) and eventually back into the air
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22
Q

Why do microorganisms break down plant and animal material and waste

A

For energy

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23
Q

What is compost

A

Decomposition of organic matter that is used as a natural fertiliser

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24
Q

What factors affect how quickly microorganisms decay stuff

A
  • Temperature
  • Oxygen availability
  • Water availability
  • Number of decay organisms
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25
Q

When is biogas made

A

By anaerobic decay of waste material

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26
Q

What is biogas mostly made up of

A

Methane

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27
Q

Does biogas need to be kept at a constant temperature

A

Yes

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28
Q

What are the two types of biogas generators

A

Batch generators and continuous generators

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29
Q

Describe what a batch biogas generator is

A

They make biogas in small batches. They’re manually loaded up with waste, which is left to digest, and the by-products are cleared away at the end of each session

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30
Q

Describe what is continuous generator is

A

They make biogas all the time. Waste is continuously fed in, and bioga is produces at a steady rate. Continuous generators are more suited to large-scale biogas projects

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31
Q

What 3 things do all biogas generators need to have

A
  • An inlet for waste material to be put in
  • An outlet doe the digested material to be removed through
  • An outlet so that the biogas can be piped to where it is needed
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32
Q

Define biodiversity

A

The virality of different species of organisms on Earth, or within an ecosystem

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33
Q

What do carbon dioxide and methane do to heat

A

Trap it in the Earth’s atmosphere

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34
Q

What do trees and peat bogs do to carbon dioxide

A

Trap it

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35
Q

What are the negative impacts of deforestation

A
  • More CO2 in the atmosphere

- Less biodiversity

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36
Q

What happen when a plant lives in a bog

A

It doesn’t fully decay

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37
Q

Why do plants i peat bogs not fully decay when they die

A

There isn’t enough oxygen

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38
Q

What are examples of programmes that have been set up to boost biodiversity

A
  • Breeding programmes
  • Protecting regenerate rare habitats
  • To reintroduce hedgerows and field margins
  • Reduce the level of deforesation
  • People are encouraged to recycle and reduce the amount of waste
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39
Q

What are the down sides to protecting biodiversity

A
  • Expensive
  • A cost to local people’s livelihood
  • Trying to protect our food security
  • Devlopment is important
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40
Q

What is at trophic one (food chains)

A

Producr

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41
Q

What is at trophic 2 (food chains)

A

Primary consmer

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42
Q

What is at trophic 3 (food chains)

A

Secondary consumer

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43
Q

What is at trophic 4 (food chains)

A

Tertiary consumer

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44
Q

What do decomposers do

A

Break down uneaten remains and waste

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45
Q

What do pyramids of biomass show

A

The relative mass of each trophic level

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46
Q

What are reasons as to why biomass is lost at every leval

A
  • Organisms don’t eat every part of the animal
  • Organisms don’t absorb all of the stuff in the food they ingest
  • Some of the biomass is taken in is converted into other substances that are lost as waste
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47
Q

What is the equation for efficiency of biomass

A

Biomass transferred to the next level / Biomass available at the previous level X 100

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48
Q

What factors impact food security

A
  • Population
  • Diets dvelop and change
  • New pests and pathogens
  • Price
  • Conflict
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49
Q

What is the benefit of fishing quotas

A

There are limits on the number and size of fish that can be caught in certain areas. This prevents certain certain species from being overfished

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50
Q

What is being put in place to prevent overfishing

A
  • Fishing quotas

- Net size

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51
Q

What ways are here to make food production more efficient

A
  • Live stock can be factory farmed
  • Fish can be factory farmed
  • Animals being fed high-protein food
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52
Q

Why are some factory farming methods contreversial

A

Because of the cramped conditons disease can spread

-Ethical objections are that making animals live in unnatural conditions and uncomftable is cruel

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53
Q

What is biotechnology

A

Where living things and biological processes are used and manipulated to produce a useful product

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54
Q

What is mycroprotien

A

Food from fungi

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55
Q

Bacteria can be engineered to produce human _

A

Insulin

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56
Q

What is gentic engineering

A

Transferring a useful gene from one organ to another

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57
Q

How can biotechnology help with genetically modified crops

A
  • Resistance to pests improving cropt yeild
  • Make crops grow better
  • More nutritional value
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58
Q

Why do some people disagree with gentically modified crops

A
  • People argue that people are hungry because of poverty and that is the issue that is tackled
  • Fears that countries may become dependent on companies who sell genetically modified crops
  • Often poor soil is the issue so GM crops won’t survive
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59
Q

State the levels of organisation in an ecosystem

A

Individual, population, community, ecosystem

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60
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

The interaction between the living components and non-living components.

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61
Q

State the factors that plants may compete for

A

● Light
● Space
● Water
● Mineral ions from soil

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62
Q

State the factors that animals might compete for

A

● Food
● Mates
● Territory

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63
Q

What is intraspecific competition

A

Competition within a species

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64
Q

What is interspecific competition

A

Competition between different species

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65
Q

What is interdependence

A

Different species in a ecosystem depend
on each other for various resources, if
one species is removed, the whole
community may be affected

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66
Q

What is a stable community

A 
A community in which all the biotic
factors (the different species) and all
abiotic factors are balanced so that
population sizes remain relatively
constant.
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67
Q

What are abiotic factors

A

Non-living factors

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68
Q

State the abiotic factors that may affect

an ecosystem

A 
● Light intensity
● Temperature
● Moisture
● Soil pH and mineral content
● Wind intensity and direction
● Carbon dioxide level
● Oxygen level
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69
Q

Why might light intensity affect an ecosystem?

A

Different species of plants may have different

optimum light intensities for growth.

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70
Q

Why does temperature affect an ecosystem

A

Different species of plants and animals may
have different optimum temperatures for
growth and survival.

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71
Q

How does soil pH affect an ecosystem

A

Certain plants may grow better in either
alkaline or acidic soil.
Soil pH may affect the appearance of the
plant eg. colour of hydrangea.

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72
Q

How does moisture level affect an ecosystem

A

Many plants cannot survive in waterlogged
soil as their roots cannot respire.
Certain plants are adapted to high moisture
levels

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73
Q

How does wind intensity affect an ecosystem

A

Plant seeds are more likely to germinate in
locations with lower wind intensity, which may
also attract animals that depend on the plant
to live nearby.

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74
Q

How does soil mineral content affect an ecosystem

A

Most plants require a high level of soil

minerals to grow well.

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75
Q

Give an example of a type of plants that have

adapted to low soil mineral content

A

Carnivorous plants catch insects to
compensate for the low level of soil mineral
content

76
Q

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect an

ecosystem

A

Higher carbon dioxide concentration leads to

more plant growth

77
Q

How does oxygen concentration affect an

ecosystem

A

Aquatic animals cannot survive in areas with

low oxygen concentration

78
Q

State the biotic factors that may affect an

ecosystem.

A

● Food
● New predators
● New pathogens
● Competition

79
Q

What are adaptations

A

Features that enable organisms to survive in their living environment.

80
Q

What are organisms living in extreme environments

called

A

Extremophiles

81
Q

Give 3 examples of extreme living environments

A

● High temperature
● High pressure
● High salt concentration

82
Q

State an example of where extremophile bacteria

can be found

A

In deep sea vents

83
Q

Define population

A

A species that occupy the same habitat

84
Q

Define habitat

A

The place in which an organism lives

85
Q

Define community

A

Populations of different species interacting

86
Q

Define ecosystem

A

The interactions between the biotic and

abiotic factors in an area

87
Q

What do food chains show?

A

Food chains show the feeding relationships of
different organisms and the flow of energy between
the organisms

88
Q

Define biomass

A

The total mass of living material.

89
Q

What are trophic levels

A

The stages in a food chain.

90
Q

What do arrows in a food chain represent

A

The direction of biomass transfer

91
Q

Describe a simple food chain

A

producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer

92
Q

What is a producer?

A

An organism that makes its own food

93
Q

What types of organisms are primary producers

A

Photosynthetic organisms like green
plants and algae that trap energy from
the sun

94
Q

What is a primary consumer

A

An organism that feeds on producers

95
Q

What is a secondary consumer

A

An organism that feeds on primary

consumers.

96
Q

What is a tertiary consumer

A

An organism that feeds on secondary

consumers

97
Q

What is a predator

A

A consumer that kills and eats other

animals

98
Q

What is prey

A

An animal that is killed and eaten by another animal

99
Q

Describe the pattern of predators and prey in a

stable community

A

The numbers of predators and prey rise

and fall in cycles

100
Q

Why are producers the first trophic level

A

● Producers provide all biomass for the food
chain (production of glucose via
photosynthesis).
● The rest of the food chain involves the transfer
of this biomass

101
Q

What piece of apparatus is used to measure the

abundance and distribution of organisms in an area

A

Quadrat

102
Q

What piece of apparatus is used to study the

distribution of organisms across a gradient?

A

Belt transect

103
Q

When considering the abundance of organisms,

what is meant by the term “mean”

A

The average number of organisms

104
Q

How is the arithmetic mean calculated

A

Sum of each number of each
organism/the total number of each type
of organism

105
Q

When considering the abundance of different

organisms, what is meant by the term “mode”

A

The most populous organism

106
Q

When considering the abundance of organisms,

what is meant by the term “median”

A

The organism that represents the middle
value when the numbers of each
organism are arranged from lowest to
highest

107
Q

Describe how materials cycle through
the living and non-living components of
an ecosystem

A

● Organisms take in elements from their surroundings e.g. soil, air.
● Elements converted to complex molecules which become biomass.
● Elements transferred along food chains.
● Elements returned to environment during excretion and
decomposition of dead organisms.

108
Q

Give 3 molecules which are cycled through

ecosystems

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water.

109
Q

Describe the carbon cycle

A
  • Plants fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules during
    photosynthesis.
  • The organic carbon-containing molecules are passed onto organisms
    that eat the plants.
  • Carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere by respiration
    from animals and plants.
  • Burning fossil fuels also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
110
Q

Why is the carbon cycle important

A

Carbon-containing molecules such as
glucose are important for living
organisms to grow and provide energy
for vital functions within cells.

111
Q

Describe the water cycle

A
  • Water from lakes and oceans evaporates.
  • The evaporated water condenses into clouds and returns
    to earth as precipitation.
  • The water from precipitation is useful for life on land.
  • The water then returns to rivers and oceans through
    surface runof
112
Q

Why is the water cycle important?

A

Living organisms require water and the
water cycle provides organisms on land
with a continuous supply of water

113
Q

Why are microorganisms important for the cycling of

materials through an ecosystem

A

Microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) return carbon to the environment by releasing carbon dioxide through
respiration while they decompose dead matter. The
decomposition of dead matter in soil returns mineral ions to
the environment for other organisms to use e.g. plants use mineral ions for growth

114
Q

What is meant by decomposition

A

The breakdown of dead materials into simpler organic matter

115
Q

How do decomposers break down dead matter?

A

Decomposers release enzymes which
catalyse the breakdown of dead material
into smaller molecules

116
Q

What are the two types of decomposition

A 
Aerobic decomposition (with oxygen)
Anaerobic decomposition (without
oxygen)
117
Q

What factors affect the rate of decomposition?

A

● Oxygen availability
● Temperature
● Water content

118
Q

Why is oxygen required for decomposition

A

Most decomposers require oxygen for

aerobic respiration.

119
Q

How does the availability of oxygen affect the rate of

decomposition

A

● As oxygen levels increase, the rate of
decomposition increases.
● As oxygen levels decrease, the rate of
decomposition decreases.

120
Q

Why can decomposition still occur in the absence of

oxygen?

A

Some decomposers respire anaerobically.*
*However, the rate of decomposition is slower as
anaerobic respiration produces less energy.

121
Q

How does soil water content affect the rate of

decomposition

A

Decomposers require water to survive:
● In moist conditions the rate of decomposition is high.
● In waterlogged soils there is little oxygen for
respiration so the rate of decomposition decreases.

122
Q

Why does decomposition require water

A

Water is required for the secretion of
enzymes and absorption of dissolved
molecules.

123
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of

decomposition

A

Decomposers release enzymes:
● Rate highest at 50°C (optimum temperature for enzymes).
● Lower temperatures, enzymes work too slowly, rate decreases.
● High temperatures, enzymes denature, decomposition stops.

124
Q

How is the rate of change calculated when

considering the decay of biological material

A

Rate of change = Change in value ÷ Change in time
Where value is a measurable variable associated with
the decay of the material

125
Q

What is compost

A

The nutrient-rich product of the rapid
decay of waste biological material (dead
plants and animal waste) in optimum
conditions set by gardeners and farmers.

126
Q

How is compost used

A

Used as natural fertiliser to promote

growth of crops or garden plants

127
Q

Describe how biogas generators work

A

Biogas generators provide methane gas
for fuel through anaerobic decomposition
that occurs in animal waste.

128
Q

Describe how environmental conditions affect

communities

A

● Environmental conditions e.g. temperature, soil pH, light intensity affect the abundance and distribution of organisms within communities.
● e.g rising global temperatures have been linked to the extinction of frog species (their thin skin makes them more vulnerable to temperature changes).

129
Q

How can different temperatures be bad for certain

communities

A
  • If the temperature is too low, growth will be slower
    as organisms will use more energy to stay warm
  • If the temperature is too high, organisms can die
    and water will become limited as evaporation
    increases
130
Q

How can changes in water levels affect ecosystems

A
  • Animals may have to migrate to find water.
  • Melting ice caps may destroy the habitats of
    some animals (either animals living in icy
    regions or by sea level rise).
131
Q

How can atmospheric gases affect ecosystems?

A
  • Some organisms cannot survive when
    certain gases are present.
  • Polluted water can cause illness to
    animals that drink it.
132
Q

What detrimental impacts can sulfur dioxide have on

the environment

A 
- Formed when fossil fuels containing
impurities are burnt.
- Sulfur dioxide can dissolve in water to form
acid rain which can erode buildings and
pollute water sources.
133
Q

What detrimental impacts can carbon monoxide

have on the environment

A
  • Carbon monoxide is formed from the incomplete
    combustion of fossil fuels.
  • Carbon monoxide binds irreversibly to haemoglobin
    which prevents it from carrying oxygen.
  • Too much exposure can cause unconsciousness and
    death.
134
Q

Name 5 greenhouse gases

A
  • Water vapour
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Methane
  • CFCs
135
Q

Give 3 human activities that contribute to

greenhouse gases

A
  • Burning fossil fuels
  • Deforestation
  • Large scale livestock farming
136
Q

How do greenhouse gases lead to global warming?

A
  • Greenhouse gases allow heat from the
    sun to enter the atmosphere.
  • The gases act as a ‘blanket’ and trap
    the heat in the atmosphere
137
Q

State 3 negative consequences of global warming

A
  • Sea level rise caused by melting icebergs.
  • Disrupted farming and agriculture.
  • Increased spread of diseases in warmer
    climates.
138
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The variety of the different species on

earth or within an ecosystem

139
Q

What is the importance of biodiversity

A

To maintain the stability of an ecosystem.

140
Q

How does biodiversity ensure the stability of an

ecosystem

A

It reduces the dependence on particular
species for resources eg. food and shelter, so
that even if one species is removed other
species can still survive

141
Q

Why have humans’ consumption of resources and

waste production increased

A

● Rapid rise in human population

● Increase in standard of living

142
Q

Where does pollution occur?

A

● Air
● Land
● Water

143
Q

State an example of water pollutants

A

● Sewage
● Fertiliser
● Chemicals

144
Q

How does eutrophication occur

A

Fertiliser from farms pollute the water, causing excessive
algae growth, depleting the oxygen in the water, causing
other plants and animals to die.
Dead plants are decomposed by bacteria and the oxygen
level decreases further.

145
Q

State an example of air pollutants

A

● Smoke

● Acidic gases

146
Q

State an example of land pollutants

A

● Landfill waste

● Chemicals

147
Q

Which human activities reduce the land available for

animals and plants

A

● Building
● Farming
● Quarrying
● Disposing of waste

148
Q

Why have peat bogs been destroyed?

A

To produce compost to increase food

production.

149
Q

Why does the destruction of peat bogs greatly

contribute to the greenhouse effect

A

Peat bogs are stores of carbon (carbon
sinks) and burning them releases a large
volume of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere

150
Q

Why have large-scale deforestation activities

occurred?

A

● To provide land for cattle or rice fields

● To grow crops to produce biofuels

151
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

Greenhouse gases trap energy from the
Sun as heat in the atmosphere, keeping
the temperature on earth suitable for life.

152
Q

What is causing global warming

A

The increase in levels of greenhouse
gases eg. carbon dioxide and methane,
causing the temperature on earth to
increase

153
Q

What are the harmful effects of deforestation

A

● Destruction of many animals’ habitats
● Releases large amounts of
greenhouse gases

154
Q

State the consequences of global warming

A 
● Rising sea levels
● Melting polar ice caps
● Changing weather patterns
● Migration of animals to find suitable habitats
● Tropical diseases becoming more common
● Extinction of species
155
Q

Describe the steps taken to maintain biodiversity

A

● Breeding programmes for endangered species.
● Protection and rebuilding habitats.
● Replanting field margins and hedgerows.
● Reduce deforestation.
● Reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
● Recycling rather than disposing in landfills.

156
Q

What is the purpose of replanting hedgerows and

field margins

A

There is higher biodiversity in the
margins than the fields that they
surround

157
Q

What does a food chain show

A

It describes the feeding relationships
between organisms and the resultant
stages of biomass transfer

158
Q

What are trophic levels?

A

The stages in a food chain

159
Q

How are trophic levels represented

A

Trophic levels are represented by
numbers, starting from 1. After 1, trophic
levels are numbered according to far
along the organism is in the food chain

160
Q

What is trophic level 1?

A

Plants and algae which make their own
food (through photosynthesis) - called
producers

161
Q

What is trophic level 2

A

Herbivores which eat producers - called

primary consumers

162
Q

What is trophic level 3?

A

Carnivores that eat herbivores - called

secondary consumers

163
Q

What is trophic level 4

A

Carnivores that eat other carnivores -

called tertiary consumers

164
Q

What is an apex predator

A

A carnivore with no predators

165
Q

How do decomposers break down dead matter

A 
Decomposers release enzymes which
catalyse the breakdown of dead material into
smaller molecules. Soluble small food
molecules then diffuse into the
microorganisms
166
Q

What is biomass

A

The dry mass of all of the living organisms in an area

167
Q

Why is dry mass used for biomass

A

Because the wet mass varies as the

volume of water in the organism varies.

168
Q

How do you calculate the efficiency of biomass

transfer

A

efficiency = (energy transferred / total energy available) × 100

169
Q

What percentage of the incident energy from light for

photosynthesis do producers transfer

A

1%

170
Q

What percentage of the biomass from one trophic

level is transferred to the level above it in feeding?

A

Approximately 10%

171
Q

Why are biomass transfers not 100% efficient

A

Energy is lost through:
- Egestion (removal of faeces)
- Excretion (removal of waste products e.g. urine
containing urea and water)
- Respiration (loss of carbon dioxide and water) in which
large amounts of glucose are used
- The production of inedible bones and shells

172
Q

How does the efficiency of biomass transfers affect

the number of trophic levels in a biomass pyramid

A

The less efficient the transfers, the fewer
trophic levels and the fewer organisms in
higher trophic levels

173
Q

What is a biomass pyramid

A

A pyramid that shows the total dry mass of
organisms at each trophic level
Trophic level 1 is at the bottom of the
pyramid

174
Q

What is a pyramid of numbers

A

A pyramid of numbers shows the number

of organisms at each trophic level

175
Q

Why is this pyramid of numbers not pyramid

shaped?

A

Pyramids of numbers don’t take size and

mass of organisms into account

176
Q

What is food security

A

Having enough food to be able to feed a

population

177
Q

State the biological factors threatening food security

A

● Rising birth rates
● Changing diets in developed countries → food is
transported around the world
● New pests and pathogens
● Environmental changes affecting food production
● Increased cost of agriculture
● Armed conflicts

178
Q

How does intensive farming increase the production

of animals

A

● Feed animals high protein foods to increase growth.
● Reduce their energy loss to the environment:
○ Limiting movement
○ Regulating their surrounding temperature
● Feed animals antibiotics to prevent diseases.

179
Q

What are the advantages of intensive farming

A

● Higher yield of food
● More efficient
● Allows easier quality control

180
Q

What are the disadvantages of intensive farming

A 
● May lead to antibiotic resistance.
● Cost is high.
● Ethical objections eg. limiting movement of
animals may cause them harm.
● Biodiversity may be reduced
181
Q

How can fish stocks be conserved

A

● Control the size of gaps in fishing nets to
prevent juvenile fish from being killed.
before reaching reproductive maturity
● Introduce fishing quotas.

182
Q

What is a transgenic organism

A

An organism that has been genetically
modified to contain genetic material from
another source

183
Q

State an example of genetically modified foods

A

Golden rice

184
Q

How might crops be genetically modified

A

● To improve nutritional value
● To be pest resistant
● To be pesticide resistant

185
Q

What are the advantages of golden rice

A

It contains additional beta-carotene which can
be converted to vitamin A in the body,
supplementing people who do not obtain
enough Vitamin A in their diet to prevent night
blindness from forming

186
Q

What is mycoprotein

A

A protein-rich substance used to make
meat substitute food for vegetarians and
vegans

187
Q

How is mycoprotein produced

A

Fusarium, a fungus, is grown on glucose
syrup, in aerobic conditions and the
biomass is harvested and purified to get
the mycoprotein

Biology (7 decks)

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