Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > B2- Organisation > Flashcards

B2- Organisation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
Order these in size from smallest to biggest
Tissue
Cell
Organ system
Organ
A

Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define cell

A

Basic building blocks that make up all living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define differentiation

A

The process by which cells become specialised for a particular job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of similar cells that work together to form a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to form a similar function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define enzyme

A

Catalyst produced by living things and a protien

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does raising a temperature normally do to a chemical reaction

A

Speed it up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the glands do

A

Produce digestive juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What function is the stomach and small intestines

A

Digest food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the small intestines absorb

A

Soluble food molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the large intestines absorb

A

Water from undigested food leaving faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define catalyst

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Enzymes are all small proteins. True/false

A

False, large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are all enzymes made from

A

Chains of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do enzymes have a special shape

A

So they can catalyse reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the name of the diagram that shows an enzyme reaction

A

Lock and key

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the word to use instead of the enzyme died

A

Denatured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the equation for the rate of the formula

A

1000/ time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do digestive enzymes do

A

Break down big molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into

A

Simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do proteases convert proteins

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do lipases convert lipids into

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats

A

Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does liver produce

A

Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is bile released into after it’s been stored

A

Small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Is bile an acid or alkali

A

Alkali

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lungs are in the thorax. True/False

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What protects the lungs

A

The rib cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What in the lungs carries out gas exchange

A

Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the circulatory system do

A

Carries food and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of

A

Heart,blood vessels and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the right ventricle pump?

A

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the left ventricle pump

A

Oxygenated blood to the rest of the organs apart form the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the walls on the heart mostly made up of?

A

Muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What prevents back flow with the heart?

A

Heart vlalve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Name the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Left ventricle
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Blood flows to the aorta from the _ _

A

Vena Cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What controls your resting heart rate?

A

Pace maker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels

A
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Describe the walls of the arteries

A

Strong and elasticated because of the high pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Are capillaries big?

A

No they are very small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Arteries branch into_

A

Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How thick are capillaries walls

A

One cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where do veins take blood?

A

Back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Carry oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What Is the term for the shape of the red blood cells

A

Biconcave disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is an advantage of the red blood cells shape

A

Larger surface area for absorbing oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Do red blood cells have a nucleus

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the red pigment in red blood cells called

A

Haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the process called when a white blood cells gobbles a microbes

A

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What helps blood clots

A

Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

No platelets have a nucleus

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does plasma do

A

The Liquid that carries everything in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What do stents do?

A

Keep the arteries open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary artery gets blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What do statins reduce?

A

Reduce cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is cholestrol?

A

An essential lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are advantages of statins?

A
  • Reduce the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease, heart attacks
  • Increase the amount of good cholesterol
  • prevent other dieaseses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are disadvantages of statins?

A
  • Haveto take a drug regularly
  • Negative side effects
  • Effect isn’t instant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What might a doctor do to somebody who has had heart failure

A

Perform a heart transplant or an artificial heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are advantages of an artificial heart

A

-Less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are disadvantages to do with an artificial heart?

A 
The surgery can lead to 
-Bleeding
-Infections
An artificial heart also doesn't work as well as a natural one
-The patient also has to take drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What two things can faulty heart valves be replaced by

A

Biological and mechanical valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What 3 things can weaken heart valves

A
  • Heart attacks
  • Old age
  • Infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

How can severe heart valves be treated

A

Replacing the valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the two types of valves?

A

Mechanical and biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Is artificial blood a thing

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Is artificial blood often used

A

Only in emergencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Define health

A

The state of physical and mental wellbeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A disease that can be spread from person to person or between animals and people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is an example of a non-communicable disease

A
  • Cancer
  • Asthma
  • Coronary heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Define non-communicable disease

A

A disease that cannot be spread from person to person or between animals and people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are 3 things that impact your health

A
  • Diet
  • Stress
  • Life situation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is cancer caused by

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Define benign tumor

A

A tumor grows in one place and doesn’t spread to other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Define malignant tumor

A

A tumor starts grows in one place and spreads to other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are 5 main risk factors for cancer

A
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • UV exposure
  • Viral infections
  • Genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What are stems,roots and leaves categorised into

A

Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is the function and structure of the epidermal

A

Coveredina waxy layer to prevent water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is the function and structure of the upper epidermis

A

Transparent so light can get through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is the function and structure of the palisade layer

A

Lots of chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is the function and structure of the xylem and phloem

A

They form a network of vascular bundles which deliver water to the entire leaf and take away glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is the function and structure of the tissue of the leaf

A

Adapted for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What does the phloem tube do

A

Transports food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What is the name of the process the phloem tube does

A

Translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What does the xylem tube do

A

Transports water up. It carries water and mineral ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is the name of the process the xylem tube does

A

Transpiration stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is transpiration

A

The loss of water form the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What causes transpiration

A

Evaporation and diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Where does most transpiration happen

A

The leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Transpiration is a _ _ of the way leaves are adapted for _

A

Side-effect

Photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What 4 main things impact transpiration rates

A
  • Light intensity
  • Temperature
  • Air flow
  • Humidity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What do guard cells do

A

Open and close the stomata

97
Q

Why might somebody get an artificial pacemaker

A

An irregular heart beat

98
Q

What does iodine test for

A

Starch

99
Q

What does it mean if the iodine goes dark blue/ black

A

There is starch present

100
Q

What does it mean if the iodine makes the object go orange/ brown

A

There is no starch present

101
Q

What colour does iodine make go when the test is positive for starch

A

Dark blue/ black

102
Q

What colour does iodine make go when the test is negative for starch

A

Orange / brown

103
Q

What would you use to test for starch

A

Iodine

104
Q

What would you use to test for protein

A

Burette

105
Q

What does burette test for

A

Protein

106
Q

What does it mean if after adding burette the food goes purple

A

There is protein present

107
Q

What colour will burette go if there is protein present

A

Purple

108
Q

What does it mean if after adding burette the food goes blue

A

There is no protein present

109
Q

What colour will burette go if there is no protein present

A

Blue

110
Q

What does the Benedict test do

A

It test for sugars

111
Q

What is the test for sugars

A

The Benedict test

112
Q

Explain how you would test for sugars

A

You would use the Benedict test and put it into a water bath of 60° +

113
Q

What colours will the Benedict solution go if there is sugar present

A

Red or
Green or
Orange

114
Q

When the Benedict test is positive it will go one of three colours order them from the strongest to least strong

A

Red
Orange
Green

115
Q

What does is mean if the Benedict solution goes red

A

There is a lot of sugar

116
Q

What does is mean if the Benedict solution goes orange

A

There is sugar present

117
Q

What does is mean if the Benedict solution goes green

A

There is a little bit of sugar present

118
Q

What colour will the Benedict solution go if there is no sugar

A

Blue

119
Q

What colour will the Benedict solution go if the test is negative

A

Blue

120
Q

What does it mean if the Benedict solution goes blue

A

There is no sugar present

121
Q

What are the two top halves of the heart called

A

○ Right atrium

○ Left atrium

122
Q

What are the two bottom halves of the heart called

A

○ Right ventricle

○ Left ventricle

123
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do

A

Brings blood to the lungs

124
Q

What does the aorta do

A

Bring blood to the body

125
Q

What does the pulmonary vein

A

Brings blood from the lungs to the heart

126
Q

What do valves do

A

Stop back flow

127
Q

Why is preventing back flow important

A

○ Stop blood mixing

○ Ensuring oxygenated blood is going to our body and deoxygenated to lungs

128
Q

What are aphids and what do they do

A

○ Insect

○ Pierce the phloem and take glucose

129
Q

What does magnesium deficiency called

A

Chlorosis

130
Q

What is a consequence of a magnesium deficiency in a plant

A

Lack of chlorophyll

Stunted growth

131
Q

What is a consequence of a nitrate deficiency in a plant

A

Used to make proteins

Stunted growth

132
Q

What are ways to test if a plant is deficient in something

A

○ Look in a booklet
○ Look on the internet
○ Take it to a lab

133
Q

What is fagasitosis

A

The white blood cell engulfs the pathogen

134
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic building block of a living

organism.

135
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and
function working together. For example,
muscular tissue contracts to bring about
movement.

136
Q

What is an organ

A

A collection of tissues working together to
perform a specific function. For example,
the stomach contains glandular, muscular
and epithelial tissues

137
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform
specific functions. For example, the digestive
system contains organs such as the stomach,
the small intestine and the large intestine.

138
Q

What is the main function of the digestive

system

A

To digest food and absorb the nutrients

obtained from digestion

139
Q

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary

gland in the digestive system

A

The pancreas and the salivary gland are glands
which produce digestive juices containing
enzymes.

140
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive

system

A

Produces hydrochloric acid - which kills any
bacteria present and provides the optimum
acidic pH for the protease enzyme to
function

141
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the

digestive system?

A

The small intestine is the site where soluble
food molecules are absorbed into the
bloodstream

142
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive

system?

A

Produces bile (stored in the gallbladder)
which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase
enzyme to work more efficiently

143
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the

digestive system

A

Absorbs water from undigested food,

producing faeces

144
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the digestive

system

A

Enzymes act as biological catalysts which
speed up the rate of biological reactions (the
breakdown of food) without being used up.

145
Q

How does the shape of an enzyme affect its

function?

A

Enzymes have a specific active site which is

complementary to their substrate

146
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of all the reactions in an

organism

147
Q

What types of metabolic reactions do enzymes

catalyse

A

● Building larger molecules from smaller molecules eg.
glucose to starch.
● Changing one molecule to another eg. glucose to
fructose.
● Breaking down larger molecules into smaller
molecules eg. carbohydrates to glucose.

148
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme

function?

A

The shape of the enzyme active site and the
substrate are complementary, so can bind
together to form an enzyme-substrate
complex

149
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme action

A

Up to a certain point, increasing temperature increases
enzyme action, as molecules have a higher kinetic
energy. Above a certain temperature, the shape of the
active site is altered and the enzyme becomes
denatured, so it can no longer catalyse the reaction. The
optimum temperature is around 37°

150
Q

How does pH affect enzyme function

A

The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7 (apart
from proteases in the stomach). If the pH is too
extreme, the shape of the active site may be
altered and the enzyme may no longer work

151
Q

Where are carbohydrases, proteases and lipases

produced in the body

A 
● Carbohydrases: amylase - salivary gland and
pancreas; maltase - small intestine.
● Proteases: pepsin - stomach; others -
pancreas and small intestine.
● Lipases: pancreas and small intestine
152
Q

What is the role of carbohydrases in the digestive

system?

A

Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into
monosaccharides and disaccharides. Amylase
breaks down starch into maltose, and maltase
breaks down maltose into glucose.

153
Q

What is the role of proteases in the digestive

system

A

Proteases break down proteins into amino

acids.

154
Q

What is the role of lipases in the digestive

system?

A

Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids

and glycerol

155
Q

How are the products of digestion used?

A

They are used to build bigger molecules
such as carbohydrates and proteins.
Glucose is used as a substrate in
respiration.

156
Q

Where is bile made and stored in the body

A

Bile is made by the liver and stored in the

gallbladder

157
Q

What is the role of bile in the digestive system?

A

● Bile is an alkaline substance which neutralises
the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach.
● Bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets - this
increases the surface area for the lipase
enzyme to work on.

158
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the

body

159
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system

A

Carries oxygen and other useful
substances to bodily tissues, and
removes waste substances

160
Q

How does the double circulatory system work

A

● One pathway carries blood from the heart to
the lungs - where the gaseous exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
● One pathway carries blood from the heart to
the tissues.

161
Q

Where does blood pumped by the right

ventricle go?

A

The lungs

162
Q

Where does blood pumped by the left

ventricle go?

A

Body tissues

163
Q

Why is the double circulatory system important

A

It makes the circulatory system more
efficient - for example, oxygenated blood
can be pumped around the body at a
higher pressure by the left ventricle

164
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and

what are they called?

A

4 - right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium,

left ventricle

165
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood at a

higher pressure around the whole body

166
Q

What are the four main blood vessels associated with

the heart

A

● Aorta (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the
body.
● Pulmonary vein (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the lungs
to the heart.
● Vena cava (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the body to
the heart.
● Pulmonary artery (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the
heart to the lungs

167
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the

heart?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood

168
Q

What is the purpose of coronary arteries

A

Coronary arteries supply the heart

muscle with oxygenated blood.

169
Q

Describe the process of blood flow through the heart

A

● Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, and the
left atrium via the pulmonary vein.
● The atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles and
causing valves to shut.
● After the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle
enters the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and blood in
the left ventricle enters the aorta (to the body).

170
Q

What is the approximate value of the

natural resting heart rate?

A

70 beats per minute

171
Q

How is the heart rate controlled

A

Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in
the right atrium which act as a pacemaker.
They release waves of electrical activity
which cause the heart muscle to contract

172
Q

How can an abnormal heart rhythm be treated?

A

Irregular heart rhythms can be treated
using an artificial pacemaker, which
sends out electrical signals to correct the
heart’s rhythm

173
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel in the

body

A

● Arteries
● Veins
● Capillaries

174
Q

How are arteries adapted for their function

A

● Function: carry blood away from the heart.
● Thick muscle layer - adds strength to resist high
pressure.
● Thick elastic layer - allows arteries to stretch
and recoil - in order to withstand high pressure

175
Q

How are veins adapted for their function?

A

● Function: carry blood towards the heart
● Wide lumen - enables low pressure
● Valves - prevent backflow of blood

176
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their function

A

● Function: enable transfer of substances between
the blood and tissues.
● Walls are one cell thick - short diffusion path.
● Permeable walls - substances can diffuse across.
● Narrow lumen - blood moves slowly - more time
for diffusion.

177
Q

How would you calculate the rate of blood flow

A

Volume of blood / number of minutes

178
Q

Where are the lungs found in the body?

A

The lungs are located in the thorax (within the
chest). They are protected by the ribcage and
separated from the rest of the abdomen by
the diaphragm

179
Q

What tissues and organs make up the

gas exchange system

A 
● Trachea
● Intercostal muscles
● Bronchi
● Bronchioles
● Alveoli
● Diaphragm
180
Q

Explain how the lungs are ventilated by

the action of intercostal muscles

A

● Intercostal muscles contract
● Ribcage moves upwards and outwards
● Diaphragm flattens and volume of the chest increases
● Increased volume results in decreased pressure
● Air is drawn into lungs down pressure gradient
The inverse occurs when air moves out of the lungs.

181
Q

Describe how gas exchange occurs at the alveoli

A

● Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the
capillary bloodstream down its concentration
gradient.
● Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary into
the alveoli down its concentration gradient.

182
Q

Describe how alveoli are adapted for gas

exchange

A

● Small and arranged in clusters - larger surface
area.
● Rich blood supply - maintains concentration
gradient.
● Thin alveolar wall - short diffusion pathway.

183
Q

How would you calculate the breathing rate

A

Number of breaths / number of minutes

184
Q

What substance carries the different components of

blood around the body

A

Plasma

185
Q

What substances are transported by plasma

A 
● Red blood cells
● White blood cells
● Platelets
● Carbon dioxide
● Urea
● Products of digestion
186
Q

What is plasma

A

A yellow liquid within blood that

transports substances around the body

187
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells in blood

A

Transport of oxygen around the body

188
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their

function?

A

● Biconcave shape - increased surface area to
volume ratio.
● No nucleus - more room for haemoglobin to
bind to oxygen.
● Contain haemoglobin - binds to oxygen.

189
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells in

blood?

A

They form part of the immune system,
which protects the body from invading
pathogens

190
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for

their function?

A

● Have a nucleus - contains DNA which codes for
proteins
● Can produce antibodies
● Can produce antitoxins
● Can engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)

191
Q

What is the purpose of platelets in blood?

A

Platelets are small cell fragments which aid

the clotting of blood at the site of a wound

192
Q

Why is the function of platelets important

A

● Platelets aid in the process of blood clotting
(conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin). As a result, red
blood cells are trapped in the fibrin network,
forming a clot which prevents excessive bleeding.
Scab formation (after the clot has dried) prevents
bacteria from entering the wound.

193
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

Coronary heart disease occurs when the
coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle
become blocked with a buildup of fatty material.
This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart,
possibly leading to a heart attack or death.

194
Q

What is a stent and how does it work

A

A stent is a metal mesh tube that is inserted
into a blocked artery so that it remains open.
The stent is inflated using a balloon, which is
later removed to allow blood to flow freely.

195
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of

stents

A 
Advantages
● Insertion can be carried out without general anaesthetic
● Quick recovery time
● Lower the risk of a heart attack
Disadvantages
● Risk of postoperative infection
● Risk of blood clots at site of stent
196
Q

What are statins

A

Statins are drugs which reduce the level of
LDL (bad) cholesterol which contributes to
the development of coronary heart disease.

197
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of statins

A 
Advantages
● Reduce risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart
attacks
● Increase level of HDL (good) cholesterol
Disadvantages
● Have to be taken continuously
● May have side effects
● Effect may not be immediate
198
Q

What is a heart bypass surgery?

A

A surgery where blocked coronary
arteries are replaced with sections of
veins taken from other parts of the body

199
Q

What are the consequences of leaky heart

valves

A

Blood flows in the wrong direction, causing
the heart to become less efficient. Patients
may become breathless and die as a result.

200
Q

What types of valves can replace leaky valves

A

● Mechanical - made of metal or polymers
● Biological - taken from animals (pigs,
sometimes humans)

201
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of

mechanical valves

A 
Advantages
● Last for a very long time
Disadvantages
● Need to take medication to prevent blood
clotting around valve
202
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of

biological valves?

A

Advantages
● Work very well - no medication required
Disadvantages
● Only lasts 12-15 years

203
Q

What is the purpose of an artificial heart

A

Artificial hearts are intended to support a
patient’s heart while they wait for a suitable
donor heart

204
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of

artificial hearts

A

Advantages
● Less likely to be rejected by immune system
● Allows damaged heart to rest to help recovery
Disadvantages
● Risk of infection due to surgery
● Risk of blood clots
● Have to take blood-thinning drugs

205
Q

What is health

A

Health is the state of physical and mental

wellbeing

206
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A disease caused by a pathogen which can
be transmitted from one person to another
eg. the flu.

207
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease which can not be transmitted

from person to person eg. cancer

208
Q

How can diet affect health

A

● Too little food / lack of nutrition - anaemia,
vitamin deficiencies.
● Too much food / too much unhealthy food -
obesity, type 2 diabetes

209
Q

How can stress affect health

A

Prolonged stress is linked to a wide range
of health problems including heart
diseases, cancers and mental health
issues

210
Q

How can life situations affect health

A

Many life factors such as location, gender,
financial status, ethnic group and
healthcare provision can impact a person’s
mental and physical health.

211
Q

Give examples of how health problems can interact

A

● Infection with certain viruses can lead to cancer eg. hepatitis
infections can lead to liver cancer.
● A compromised immune system (eg. due to cancer) can lead to
a higher risk of infection with communicable diseases.
● Immune reactions caused by a pathogen can trigger allergic
reactions.
● Problems with physical health can lead to mental health issues.

212
Q

What is a risk factor

A

A risk factor is an aspect of a person’s lifestyle
or a substance found in the body or the
environment which can increase the risk of a
disease

213
Q

What is a causal mechanism

A

A mechanism which demonstrates how one

factor biologically influences another

214
Q

How do diet, smoking and exercise affect the

development of cardiovascular disease

A

● Diet: high levels of LDL cholesterol causes arteries to
become blocked, increasing blood pressure and the risk of
a heart attack.
● Smoking: nicotine increases heart rate; other chemicals
damage the artery lining and increase blood pressure.
● Exercise: lowers blood pressure, reducing strain on the heart.

215
Q

How does obesity affect the development of type 2

diabetes?

A

● Obesity is strongly linked with the onset of
type 2 diabetes - a disease in which the body
stops responding to insulin.

216
Q

How does alcohol affect liver and brain

function

A

● Excessive long-term alcohol use may lead
to liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver).
● Increases risk of liver cancer.
● Damages brain tissue and nerve cells.

217
Q

How does smoking affect the development of

lung disease and lung cancer

A

● Tar in tobacco can damage the alveoli of the
lungs, leading to chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD).
● Tar also damages the cells which line the
lungs, leading to lung cancer

218
Q

How do smoking and alcohol affect unborn babies

A

● Carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke reduces the
amount of oxygen the foetus receives, which can lead
to premature birth or stillbirth.
● Alcohol passes across the placenta and damages the
developing foetus. Once born, the baby may have a
number of deformities and health problems as part of
foetal alcohol syndrome.

219
Q

How do carcinogens affect the development of

cancer?

A

Ionising radiation is a type of carcinogen
which can cause mutations in DNA, potentially
leading to cancer

220
Q

What is cancer

A

Cancer is the development of a tumour

as a result of uncontrolled cell division

221
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

● A tumour that is contained in one location,
usually within a membrane.
● They are not cancerous and do not invade other
parts of the body.
● Can grow large very quickly - may cause
damage to another organ

222
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

● A tumour that can spread around the body via
the blood and lymphatic system.
● Can invade other tissues (metastasis).
● Cells divide more rapidly and have a longer
lifespan.
● Disrupts healthy tissues and may lead to death

223
Q

How is epidermal tissue adapted for its function?

A

Epidermal tissue covers the entire plant. It
has a waxy cuticle which helps reduce water
loss from the leaf surface

224
Q

How is palisade mesophyll tissue adapted for

its function

A

Palisade mesophyll tissue contains lots of
chloroplasts which allows photosynthesis to
progress at a rapid rate

225
Q

How is spongy mesophyll tissue adapted for its

function

A

Spongy mesophyll tissue has lots of air
spaces which allow gases (including
oxygen and carbon dioxide) to diffuse in
and out

226
Q

How is the xylem adapted for its function

A

● Made up of dead cells which form a continuous
hollow tube - allows the movement of water and
mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.
● Strengthened by lignin - makes the vessel strong and
waterproof.
● Has bordered pits - allow minerals to be transported
to specific places

227
Q

How is the phloem adapted for its function

A

● Made up of elongated living cells.
● Cells have sieve plates that connect them
together - cell sap can move through plates
into other cells.
● Sieve tube cells have few organelles to allow
the efficient transport of substances

228
Q

How is meristem tissue adapted for its function

A

Made up of stem cells which can
differentiate into many different cell types,
allowing the plant to grow

229
Q

What tissues does the leaf organ contain

A 
● Epidermis
● Palisade mesophyll
● Spongy mesophyll
● Xylem
● Phloem
● Guard cells
230
Q

What is the function of guard cells

A

Guard cells control the opening and closing
of the stomata, according to the water
content of the plant

231
Q

How are stomata adapted for their function

A

Stomata allow the control of gaseous exchange and
water loss from the leaf.
● More stomata on the base of the leaf - minimises
water loss as this side is cooler and shaded.
● Have guard cells which control their opening and
closing

232
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function

A

Root hair cells allow the uptake of water and
mineral ions from the soil.
● Large surface area - maximises rate of
absorption.
● Contain lots of mitochondria – release energy
for active transport of mineral ions

233
Q

What is translocation

A

Translocation is the movement of
dissolved sugars from the leaves to other
parts of the plant

234
Q

What is transpiration

A

Transpiration is the evaporation of water

vapour from the surface of a plant

235
Q

How does transpiration work

A

● Water evaporates from the leaf surface via the
stomata.
● Water molecules cohere together - more water is
pulled up the xylem in an unbroken column.
● More water is taken up from the soil - creating a
continuous transpiration stream

236
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration

A

Increasing the temperature increases the rate
of transpiration.
● Higher rate of evaporation and diffusion of
water - therefore rate of transpiration is
increased

237
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration

A

Increasing relative humidity decreases the rate of
transpiration.
● High relative humidity will reduce the water
vapour concentration gradient. The rate of
evaporation will decrease, and so will the rate of
transpiration

238
Q

How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration

A

Increasing wind speed/air movement increases the
rate of transpiration.
● Increased air movement lowers water vapour
concentration outside of the leaf. This increases the
water vapour concentration gradient, thereby
increasing the rate of evaporation and transpiration

239
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of

transpiration

A

Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of
transpiration.
● The rate of photosynthesis increases, so more
stomata open. This allows the rate of evaporation
to increase, increasing the rate of transpiration

Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions