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Biology > B4- Bioenergetics > Flashcards

B4- Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in the plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts

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2
Q

Is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic?

A

Endothermic

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3
Q

What is the SYMBOL equation for photosynthesis

A

6C02 +6H2O➜C6H12O6+6O2

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4
Q

What are the five ways plants use glucose?

A
  • For respiration
  • Making cellulose
  • Making amino acids
  • Stored as fats or oils
  • Stored as starch
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5
Q

What 3 things affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light
  • Concentration of CO2
  • Temperature
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6
Q

Can chlorophyll be a limiting factor of photosynthesis and how?

A

Yes, the amount of chlorophyll in a plant can be affected by disease or environmental stress, such as a lack of nutrients. These factors can cause chloroplasts to become damaged or to not make enough chlorophyll. This means the rate of photosynthesis is reduced because they can’t absorb as much sunlight

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7
Q

Describe how light impacts the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily- but only to a certain point

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8
Q

Describe and explain how light impacts the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily- but only to a certain point. Beyond that, it won’t make a difference- as light intensity increases, the rate will no longer increase. this is because it’ll be either the temperature or the CO2 level which is now the limiting factor, not light

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9
Q

What temperature is too hot for enzymes?

A

45°C, it is rare for outdoors but can get to that in a greenhouse

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10
Q

How do greenhouses work?

A

They help trap the Sun’s heat, and make sure that the temperature doesn’t become a limiting factor

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11
Q

What is a disadvantage of a greenhouse?

A

Expensive

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12
Q

Define respiration.

A

The process of transferring energy from glucose, which goes on in every cell

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13
Q

Do all living things respire?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

Exothermic

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15
Q

What are three examples of how organisms use the energy transferred from respiration?

A
  • To build up larger molecules( e.g proteins or amino acids)
  • In animals it helps the muscles to contract
  • In mammals and birds the energy is used to keep their body temperature steady
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16
Q

What are chemical reactions controlled by in cells?

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

Is starch a big molecule?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What is starch made from?

A

Small glucose molecules

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19
Q

What are lipid molecules made from?

A

1 molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids,which are made into proteins

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20
Q

When is glucose broken down?

A

Respiration

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21
Q

What is urea made from?

A

Broken down proteins

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22
Q

Define metabolism

A

The sum of all the reactions that happen in a cell or the body is called metabolism

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23
Q

Aerobic respiration doesn’t need much oxygen.TRUE/FALSE

A

False, it needs plenty of oxygen

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24
Q

Where does most of the reaction in aerobic respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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25
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H1206+6O2 ⇢6C02+6H2O

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26
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used?

A

When there isn’t enough oxygen

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27
Q

What’s the word equation for anaerobic respiration fro animals?

A

Glucose ⇢ Lactic acid

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28
Q

What’s the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

Glucose ⇢ Ethanol Carbon Dioxide

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29
Q

What is anaerobic respiration called in yeast?

A

Fermentation

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30
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen your body needs to react with the buildup of lactic acid and remove it form the cell

31
Q

What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a characteristic?

A

gene(s)

32
Q

Cell E in Figure 2 contains 8 chromosomes. box
Cell E divides by mitosis.
How many chromosomes will each new cell contain?

A

8

33
Q

Protease is an enzyme.
Protease breaks down protein.
What is protein broken down into

A

amino acids

34
Q

Why is protein needed by the body

A

any one from:
• for growth
• for repair / replacement (of
cells / tissues / organs)

35
Q

Which organ in the human digestive system produces protease

A

stomach

36
Q

Describe how you would test a sample of food to show it contains protein. box
Give the reason for any safety precautions you would take.

A
  • grinding up the food
  • add Biuret reagent (allow CuSO4 and NaOH) to food (sample)
  • protein turns solution (from blue) to purple / lilac
  • wear goggles to protect eyes
  • clean up spills immediately
  • Biuret / NaOH is an irritant / corrosive / poisonous
37
Q

What is the platelet’s function

A

Helps the blood to clot

38
Q

Suggest why blood flow through the coronary arteries is lower in people with
coronary heart disease

A

(because coronary) arteries /

they are narrower

39
Q

Earthworms have a large surface area to volume ratio.

Suggest why a large surface area to volume ratio is an advantage to an earthworm.

A

(earthworm) can absorb more
oxygen (in a given time)
or
increases / more gas exchange

40
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants synthesise
glucose using light energy from the Sun.
Light energy is converted into chemical
energy.

41
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Within chloroplasts in leaf palisade
cells. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment
which absorbs light energy.

42
Q

State the equations for photosynthesis (word and symbol)

A

Word: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
Symbol: 6CO2
+ 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2

43
Q

Is photosynthesis an endothermic or

exothermic reaction, and why

A

Endothermic - energy is transferred from

the environment to chloroplasts by light

44
Q

How can you show that a plant gives off oxygen

during photosynthesis?

A

Using a water plant (eg. Elodea), collect gas
bubbles produced during photosynthesis. The
gas will relight a glowing splint as it contains
oxygen.

45
Q

Give examples of leaf adaptations which

maximise the rate of photosynthesis

A

● Broad leaves - maximise surface area.
● Thin leaves - short diffusion distance.
● Chlorophyll present - trap light energy.
● Veins - transport water to leaves via xylem, remove photosynthesis
products via phloem.
● Air spaces - allow CO2 to enter and O2 to leave.
● Guard cells - control opening of stomata for gaseous exchange and
prevent water loss.

46
Q

What are the four main factors that affect the rate

of photosynthesis

A

● Temperature
● Light intensity
● Carbon dioxide concentration
● Amount of chlorophyll

47
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of

photosynthesis?

A

Increasing the temperature increases the rate of
photosynthesis as the kinetic energy of particles
is increased. The rate decreases past a certain
temperature as enzymes become denatured

48
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of

photosynthesis?

A

Increasing the light intensity increases the
rate of photosynthesis until another factor
becomes limiting

49
Q

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect

the rate of photosynthesis

A

Increasing the carbon dioxide concentration
increases the rate of photosynthesis (until
another factor becomes limiting) as CO2
is required to make glucose.

50
Q

How does the amount of chlorophyll affect the

rate of photosynthesis?

A

Decreasing the amount of chlorophyll (eg. due to
a lack of magnesium) decreases the rate of
photosynthesis as chlorophyll is required to
absorb light energy

51
Q

What is a limiting factor

A

An environmental factor which can
restrict the rate of photosynthesis eg.
light intensity

52
Q

Explain how you can calculate the rate of

photosynthesis by measuring oxygen production

A

● Set up bubble potometer apparatus (pondweed in a
sealed tube of water, attached to a capillary tube and a gas syringe).
● Oxygen gas produced causes the bubble in the capillary
tube to move. The distance moved by the bubble is used to calculate the volume of oxygen produced

53
Q

How can farmers use their knowledge of

limiting factors to increase their profits?

A

They can control temperature, light intensity
and CO2
concentration to achieve the fastest
possible rate of photosynthesis, leading to a
greater yield

54
Q

State the law which describes the relationship
between the distance of a light source from a plant
and light intensity

A

Inverse square law - light intensity∝1 /

distance2

55
Q

State 5 uses of the glucose produced

during photosynthesis

A 
● Respiration
● Starch for storage
● Cellulose for strength
● Amino acid and protein synthesis (combined with
nitrates)
● Lipids for energy storage in seeds
56
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

An exothermic reaction in which glucose
reacts with oxygen to release energy
which can be used by cells

57
Q

What are the equations for aerobic respiration?

word and symbol

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

C6H12O2 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (+energy)

58
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place

A

In the mitochondria

59
Q

Why do organisms require the energy

released by respiration?

A

● Synthesis of larger molecules
● Muscle contraction
● Maintenance of body temperature
● Active transport

60
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

An exothermic reaction in which glucose
is broken down to release energy in the
absence of oxygen

61
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose → lactic acid (+energy)

62
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than

aerobic respiration

A

Glucose is not completely broken down,

so less energy is transferred.

63
Q

Why can anaerobic respiration lead to muscle

fatigue

A

Lactic acid (product of anaerobic respiration)
builds up in muscles, preventing efficient
contraction

64
Q

What is an oxygen debt

A

The amount of oxygen needed to convert
lactic acid into back into glucose after
anaerobic respiration

65
Q

What is fermentation

A

A type of anaerobic respiration that

occurs in yeast cells

66
Q

What is the equation for fermentation?

A

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (+energy)

67
Q

Why is the fermentation reaction important?

A

It is used in the production of bread and

alcoholic drinks

68
Q

What are the differences between aerobic and

anaerobic respiration

A

● Aerobic requires oxygen; anaerobic does not.
● Aerobic produces CO2
and water; anaerobic
produces lactic acid or ethanol + CO2.
● Aerobic transfers a greater amount of energy

69
Q

How do muscles store glucose

A

As glycogen

70
Q

What changes take place when muscular activity

increases in the body

A

● Heart rate increases and arteries dilate - increases
flow of oxygenated blood to muscles.
● Breathing rate increases and breathing is deeper -
increases the rate of gaseous exchange.
● Stored glycogen is converted back into glucose.

71
Q

How is lactic acid transported away from the

muscles

A

Blood flow through the muscles transports
lactic acid to the liver, where it is oxidised
back to glucose

72
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of all the reactions that take

place in a cell or an organism

73
Q

How do cells use the energy transferred by

respiration

A

To continuously carry out enzyme-controlled
processes which lead to the synthesis of new
molecules.

74
Q

Give examples of metabolic reactions

A 
● Glucose into starch/glycogen/cellulose
● Glycerol and fatty acids into lipids
● Glucose and nitrate ions into amino acids
● Photosynthesis
● Respiration
● Breakdown of excess proteins into urea

Biology (7 decks)

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