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Bio B4-B6 > B6.3 - part 2 Non-communicable > Flashcards

B6.3 - part 2 Non-communicable Flashcards

B6.3.14 to end

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1
Q

4 harmful substances in tobacco smoke

A

Tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, particulates

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2
Q

How the 5 things from smoking affect\

+the other substances

A

Tar - collects in lungs when smoke cools.Carcinogenic, causes cancer.

Nicotine - addictive drug that affects nervous system. Makes heat beat faster, narrows blood vessels.

Carbon monoxide - poisonous gas which attaches to haemoglobin in RBC in place of oxygen. Blood carries less oxygen, so heart has to work harder, which can lead to heart disease

Particulates - small pieces of solid are engulfed by WBC. An enzyme is released, which weakens walls of alveoli. Alveoli do not inflate properly when person inhales, so less oxygen o passes into blood leaking them breathless - emphysema

Other substances in the smoke paralyse the cilated cells lining the airways, allowing mucus to flow into the lungs. Can cause infection, such as bronchitis. Also cause of ‘smoker’s cough’ - which can damage lungs.

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3
Q

What is cancer

A

Cancer is a disease that occurs as the result of cell changes that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

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4
Q

Drug in alcohol + what it affects

A

Ethanol, which affects the nervous system

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5
Q

Effects of alcohol

A

Behavioural changes - relaxed, happy, aggressive, sad

Short term = blurred vision, loss of balances, increased reaction times

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6
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Ethanol is toxic to humans,
Liver breaks ethanol down into waste products, which are excreted.
Livers of heavy drinkers become scarred.
Healthy cells are replaced with fat or fibrous tissue, causing liver to be less effective.

This is cirrhosis, which can be fatal

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7
Q

Cardiovascular disease is

A

A general term that describes a disease of the heart or blood vessels

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8
Q

What can a build up of fatty deposits inside an artery lead to

A

Blood flow to the heart, brain or body can be reduced

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9
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A hardening and narrowing of the arteries - caused by a build up of fatty deposits inside an artery

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10
Q

A thrombosis

A

A blood clot - can cause cardiovascular disease

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11
Q

What happens if you have a blood clot in an artery supplying the heart muscle

A

Heart attack

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12
Q

What happens if you have a blood clot in an artery supplying The brain?

A

Stroke

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13
Q

4 factors that increase risk of CVD/(heart disease)

A
  • Having a poor diet - e.g. too much saturated fat or too much salt
  • too little exercise
  • smoke - carbon monoxide causes increased blood pressure
  • having high blood pressure - can damage blood vessels
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14
Q

2 dietary factors that increase risk of CVD

A
  • too much salt

- too much saturated fats

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15
Q

How too much saturated fats increases risk of CVD

A

A diet high in saturated fats causes cholesterol to be deposited in the artery walls —> narrows the vessel, restricting blood flow and increasing blood pressure

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16
Q

How too much salt increases risk of CVD

A

Too much salt —> more water being absorbed back into blood, following filtration in kidney —> extra water causes high blood pressure

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17
Q

Why are people who take part in regular exercise healthier than those who do not? (4)

A
  • body mass is likely to be lower
  • your joints are healthier
  • you have more muscle tissue, including a stronger heart
  • your cholesterol levels are lower
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18
Q

How does exercise cause lower body mass + why is this good?

A

Exercise transfers stored energy to the surroundings by heating, meaning that less of the food you eat is stores as fat.
This reduces your risk of CVD and diabetes.

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19
Q

Why is healthier joints good? (Linked to exercise)

A

Joints healthier —> risk of arthritis decreases, as your joints have regular use and your body mass is lower

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20
Q

What to look for when analysing the effect of lifestyle factors on incidence of disease?

A

A correlation - positive correlation, negative correlation, no correlation

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21
Q

Simple lifestyle changes that can reduce risk to health following CVD (4)

  • (how lifestyle changes treat CVD)
A
  • eating less processed foods
  • exercising regularly
  • reducing alcohol consumption
  • stopping smoking
22
Q

Briefly, how eating less processed foods can reduce risk to health following CVD (2)

A

This reduces salt and saturated fat intake,

Also reduces intake of sugars which lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes - diabetes greatly increases risk of CVD

23
Q

Briefly, how exercising regularly can reduce risk to health following CVD

A

Strengthens heart muscles, and can lead to weight loss.

This reduces your risk of high blood pressure.

24
Q

Briefly, how reducing alcohol consumption can reduce risk to health following CVD

A

Heavy drinking, and particularly binge drinking, increases risk of heart attack

25
Q

Briefly, how stopping smoking can reduce risk to health following CVD
- smoking is a major risk factor for -2

A

Smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart attack

26
Q

4 common drugs used to treat CVD (menial treatments)

A

Statins
Antiplatelets
Beta blockers
Nitrates

27
Q

Statins:

Function?
Common side effects?

A

Reduces blood cholesterol by preventing its formation; causes the liver to remove more cholesterol from the blood

  • upset stomach
28
Q

Antiplatelets:

Function?
Common side effects?

A

Reduce heart attack risk by reducing the stickiness of blood platelets, causing less clotting.

  • Internal bleeding
29
Q

Beta blockers:

Function?
Common side effects?

A

Reduce high blood pressure by blocking the effects of adrenaline. This slows your heartbeat and improves blood flow.

  • dizziness and tiredness
30
Q

Nitrates:

Function?
Common side effects?

A

Widen blood vessels by relaxing blood vessel walls, allowing more blood to flow through at a lower pressure

  • headaches and dizziness
31
Q

How is cardiovascular disease treated surgically (3), detailed

A
  • Replacing valves that have been damaged by infection or as a result of age. If heart valves do not close properly, blood can flow backwards. This leads to heart failure, as not enough oxygenated blood reaches the heart muscles .
  • Widening partially blocked arteries using a stent, which is a wire mesh tube - known as angioplasty
  • Bypassing blocked coronary arteries using blood vessels taken from other areas of the body (e.g. leg)
32
Q

Angioplasty?

A

Widening partially blocked arteries using a stent, which is a wire mesh tube

33
Q

Organ transplant + considerations ? (3 points)

A

Damaged organs can be replaced with donated organs.
Donated organs are carefully matches to the recipient.
If the organ is incorrectly matched, the body will recognise the organ as foreign material and the immune system will destroy it.

34
Q

How risk of infection is reduced in organ transplant (2)

A
  • tissues are matched, ensuring that the recipient receives a donated organ with a similar tissue type. For example, the donor and recipient must have the same blood group.
  • immunosuppressant drugs are given to the recipient, which reduce the effect of the body’s immune system. These drugs increase the chance of a donated organ being accepted.
35
Q

Sources of stem cells

A

Fertility treatments produce many embryos that are not implanted.
These stems cells can differentiate into any cell in the human body.

36
Q

Stem cells can be used for (2)

A
  • testing new drugs for safety and effectiveness, before testing them on animals and humans
  • potentially reversing the damage caused by diseases.
37
Q

How stem cells can potentially reverse damage caused by diseases (3)

A
  • manufacturing new brain cells - to treat Parkinson’s disease
  • rebuilding bones and cartilage - to treat certain types of arthritis
  • making replacements heart valves
38
Q

What can be done when heart is severely damages

A

Heart transplant - often a long wait to find a suitable donor

39
Q

Potential future stem cell use?

A

Research is being undertaken into using stem cells to develop tissues and entire organs for transplant

40
Q

Stem cell therapy - 1 positive, 2.5 negatives

A

Offers great potential to treat many medical conditions.

However, concerns remain about many long term side effects, such as increased risk of cancer, and about the possible rejection of foreign materials in the body.

41
Q

Stem cell therapy steps

A

1 - stem cells removed from early human embryo

2 - stem cells cultured

3 - stem cells made to differentiate into different tissues (spinal cord, heart kidney, insulin-producing cells)

4 - organs or tissues transplanted into a patient to cure them

42
Q

What’s gene therapy?

A

The placement of a fully functioning allele into a cell containing a faulty allele for the same gene.

43
Q

The three main steps in gene therapy

A

1 - cutting out the ‘normal’ version of the gene from the DNA of a healthy person using restriction enzymes

2 - producing many copies of the normal (healthy) allele

3 - inserting copies of the normal allele into the cells of a person with the genetic disorder. This can be achieved by injecting a virus, which is modified to carry the allele, into the body. When the virus infects body cells, DNA (including the healthy allele of the _ gene) is placed into them.

44
Q

Is the fault allele replaced in gene therapy?

A

NO!, instead a functioning version of the gene is also placed into the cell, which will now be expressed

45
Q

Detailed steps of gene therapy

A
  1. DNA containing desired gene is removed from cell.
  2. Restriction enzymes cut out desired gene.
  3. Bacteria containing plasmid identified + plasmid cut using same restriction enzyme
  4. Plasmid and gene have sticky ends joined using ligase enzymes
  5. Plasmid acts a vector to carry gene into bacterium
  6. Bacteria reproduce creating a large number of bacteria with the new characteristic
    (7. Insulin extracted and purified)
46
Q

How to fins out if bacterium (host organism) has desired gene

A

Genetic marker, i.e antibiotic resistance

47
Q

Main difficulty in gene therapy is (and why (2))

A

The main difficulty in gene therapy is in inserting the allele into target cells, because

  • the healthy alleles may not go into every target cell
  • the healthy alleles may join chromosomes in random places, so they do not work properly
48
Q

Why may gene therapy treatment be short lived?

A

Treated cells may be replaced naturally by the patient’s own untreated cells

49
Q

Gene therapy usages and illegal?

A

Gene therapy is only used to target normal body cells.

Currently illegal in UK to target gametes using gene therapy.

50
Q

Information gained from human genome project is enabling many medical advantages including: (4) + detail

A
  • locating genes that might be linked to inherited disease - so people who are at higher risk of a disease can be identified before disease occurs, allowing preventative steps to be taken
  • developing drugs that directly target disease-causing genes, or the proteins they code for
  • developing new gene therapy treatments for diseases that currently have no cure
  • developing personalised medicines. Knowledge of genetic and molecular make-ups allow doctors to prescribed medicines suited to an individual. Targeted drugs have been shown to achieve greater success, and produce fewer side effects that standard medicines.
51
Q

What can future medical advances improve

A

Quality and length of human lives

Bio B4-B6 (9 decks)

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