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Bio B4-B6 > B6.3 (1) > Flashcards

B6.3 (1) Flashcards

b6.3.1 - b6.3.4

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1
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies?

A

identical antibodies that have been produced from the same hybridomas cell (fused white blood cell + cancer cell) -

NOT THE CELL ITSELF

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2
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  • genetically modifies mice are injected with the required antigen
  • mice produce immune response (antibodies to specific antigen)
  • antibody-producing b-cells/ lymphocytes are collected
  • then fused with cancerous cells
  • hybridoma cell reproduces rapidly + formed clones
  • clones produce required antibody (proteins are called monoclonal antibodies)
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3
Q

monoclonal antibodies:

  • they are highly ……
  • they bind to …….. of ……. …….
A
  • all highly specific (designed to target only one type of cell)
  • bind to antigens of target cell
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4
Q

state 3 ways monoclonal antibodies can be used

A
  • detecting antigens in pregnancy testing
  • detection of diseases (like prostate cancer)
  • treating diseases (targeting cancer cells)
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5
Q

define disease

A

a condition caused by any part of the body not functioning properly

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6
Q

what is the relationship between good health and disease?

A

good health is being free of disease

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7
Q

define a pathogen

A

a disease-causing organism

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8
Q

state the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases (and give an example of each one)

A

communicable - can be spread (ie. chickenpox)

non-communicable - cannot be spread (cancer, asthma, scurvy, strokes)
-> either developed by themselves or are inherited

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9
Q

what are communicable diseases transmitted by?

A

pathogens

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10
Q

describe the interaction between HIV and tuberculosis

A
  • HIV lowers the immune system
  • so is easier for pathogens to cause disease
  • therefore, patients often develop TB as they are more susceptible to infectious diseases
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11
Q

describe the interaction between HPV and cervical cancer

(state what HPV is)

A

HPV is a sexually transmitted disease (human papilloma virus)

  • HPV virus in cells can trigger cancer/cell changes in the cervix
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12
Q

how are communicable diseases spread between animals? (4)

A
  • cut in the skin (insect bites/injury )
  • digestive system -contaminated water/food
  • respiratory system (droplets)
  • reproductive system (having sex)
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13
Q

how are communicable diseases spread between plants? 4

A
  • vectors (insects)
  • contaminated soil/water
  • direct contact of sap of infected to healthy plant
  • wind (fugal spores)
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14
Q

how does viral replication work?

A

1) virus attacks cell
2) virus inserts genes
3) virus tells nucleus to copy genes
4) new virus made
5) cell bursts, new virus realised + cell is destroyed

IGNORE M;
- Viruses reproduce rapidly by inserting their genetic material into host cells and creating new protein capsules to build new viral particles

  • Once many copies have been made, the host cell may burst open releasing the viral particles which can go on to infect other cells
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15
Q

what causes symptoms such as rashes, fevers and sores?

A

toxins produced by pathogens when reproducing

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16
Q

how do viruses cause disease?

A

1) attacks cell + inserts genes
2) uses cell to replicate its genes/DNA
3) new viruses are made
4) cell bursts + new virus is released

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17
Q

why do scientists monitor disease?

A
  • to check if it is getting worse
  • to monitor the prevalance (how common where and when)
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18
Q

what is AIDS?

A

a name for a group of diseases which cause a lowered immunity within the body

19
Q

how do scientists monitor a disease outbreak?

A

study the ‘incidence’ of a disease
- rate in which new cases occur in a population over a period of time

20
Q

difference between scientists monitoring non-communicable and communicable diseases?

A
  • studying non-communicable over a long period of time
  • can be used to see effectiveness of a disease treatement/ prevention technique
21
Q

how can the spread of communicable diseases be prevented in humans? (8)

A
  • cover mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • do not touch infected ppl
  • use condoms in sex (prevent STIs)
  • do not share needles
  • wash hands before eating
  • cook food properly
  • drink clean water
  • protect from animal bites (insect repellant)
22
Q

what is an incubation period?

(and what happens during it)

A

time delay between harmful organisms entering body and you feeling unwell

  • pathogens reproduce rapidly during it
23
Q

why should you use insect repellant to protect from communicable diseases?

A

prevent diseases from insects acting as vectors

24
Q

how can the spread of communicable diseases be prevented in plants? (4)

A
  • burn diseased plant material
  • chemical dips on farms
  • spray plants with fungicides (prevent fungal infections)
  • do not plant other plants in infected soil
25
Q

what is the use of chemical dips in farms?

A

kills pathogens on footwear (prevent transfer from one plant to another)

26
Q

how to prevent the spread of communicable diseases in animals - farm?

A
  • treat animals with drugs (antibiotics)
  • vaccinate them
  • slaughter whole herd (if communicable)
  • don’t move livestock
27
Q

why must a whole herd be slaughtered to prevent the spread of a communicable disease?

A

as they live very close together and farmers cannot risk others becoming infected

28
Q

how are diseases detected?

A
  • by the antigen on pathogen (after a test)
  • or a change to the organisms’ appearance
    (ie. visual identification)
29
Q

describe one common viral infection for the following:

a) animal
b) plants

A

a) HIV - invades white blood cells + reproduces inside cells

b) Tobacco Mosaic Virus
- hijacks plant cell + prevent chloroplasts from forming
- forms ‘mosaic’ pattern on leaves
- lowes quality + quantity of crop produced

30
Q

describe one common bacterial infection for the following:

a) animal
b) plants

A

a) Salmonelle/E.coli
food poisoning

b) Crown Gall Disease
- enters through wound
- causes increase in growth hormones produced
- results in tumours (galls) at stem/roots

31
Q

what is food poisoning?

A
  • growth of bacteria in food
    and the toxins they produce
32
Q

what is the problem with tumors on plants?

A

cut off flow of sap + causes stunted growth/death

33
Q

describe one common fungal disease for the following

a) animal
b) plants

A

a) athlete’s foot
- causes cracked/itchy skin and a rash
- contagious

b) barley powdery mildew
- fungus spores in wind
- stops chlorophyll production
- white powdery spots on leaves/stems
- reduces crop yield

34
Q

how are fungus infections stopped in plants?

A

fungicides

35
Q

cure of TMV?

A
  • no cure
  • remove infected plants
  • equipment washed between planting
  • plant plants which are resistant to TMV in soil
36
Q

how does HIV relate to AIDS?

A

AIDS is final stage of HIV

(HIV weakens immune system)

37
Q

why is HIV so dangerous?

A
  • invades white blood cells
  • so they cannot defend against any pathogen
  • human may die of simple diseases
38
Q

give an example of a sexually transmitted disease
(describe 3 facts)
- and how it is cured

A

Gonorrhea

  • bacterial infection
  • burning pain when urinating
  • vaginal discharge

ANTIBIOTICS

39
Q

Chlamydia-
Cause?
Symptoms?
Treatment?

A
  • Bacteria
  • pain when urinating, discharge from penis or vagina
  • antibiotics
40
Q

Genital herpes=
Cause?
Symptoms?
Treatment?

A
  • virus
  • painful blisters or sores
  • no cure
41
Q

HIV treatment

A

No cure.
Symptoms controlled with antiretroviral drugs .
Lifetime treatment required.

42
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

a chemical made by fungi / microbes that kills microbes / bacteria

43
Q

difference between incidence + prevalence of a disease

A
  • PREVALENCE = number of individuals with the disease at a specific point in time. for example = right now 10 million people may have diabetes
  • INCIDENCE = number of new cases during a specified time period = eg. how many people developed diabetes in the last year
44
Q

process to produce monoclonal antibodies - IGNORE M

A
  1. injects a specific antigen into a mouse
  2. the antigens stimulates B - lymphocytes to produce antibodies
  3. these lymphocytes are collected from the mouse
  4. lymphocytes combined with a tumour cell / cancer cell = MYELOMA CELL to produce a HYBRIDOMA CELL
  5. hybridoma cell is screened to ensure they are producing correct antibodies
  6. allow hybridoma cells to clone + grow in culture
  7. the monoclonal antibodies are then PURIFIED

Bio B4-B6 (9 decks)

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